Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол в нужной форме. Переведите на русский язык.
1. Land (to be) not only the soil under our feet.
2. We (to devote) much of our labour to get the basic items of food and clothing.
3. The land use planner (must) secure wise land uses.
4. Farmers (to use) land to produce wheat or cotton or to feed cattle.
5. The land use planners (to determine) which acreage is to be employed in each land use.
6. I (to be) a student of the Land Use Planning faculty.
Перепишите предложения, переведите на русский язык. Определите, какой часть речи являются выделенные слова, укажите их функции в предложении.
1. То know how а plant grows, we must study botany.
2. His brother works at this plant.
3. Plants need water and sun.
4. They pasture their cattle all the year round in this part of the country.
5. These are the best pasture grasses.
6. There are many good pastures on the farm.
Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. В английских предложениях подчеркните инфинитив и определите его функцию.
1. Our plan was to introduce new methods of research.
2. It is very strange to say the least of it.
3. To make a choice between these two methods was quite difficult.
Перепишите предложения, вставляя нужные предлоги. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Professor Smith has been accused … publishing the stolen ideas.
2. Bert always agrees … his parents.
3. Jane didn`t agree … her daughter flying to Istanbul.
4. The students have not agreed … a date for their party.
5. She needs to apply … a special permission to reconstruct her house.
6. Our children are accustomed …playing together.
7. She was afraid … being bitten by that big dog.
8. Many of his friends are afraid … their jobs.
Прочитайте и переведите письменно текст.
What Is Land Cadastre
А Cadastre is normally a parcel based and up-to-date land information system. It contains a record of interests in land (е.g. rights, restrictions and responsibilities). It usually includes a description of land parcels linked to other records describing the nature of the interests, and ownership or control of those interests. The Cadastre often describes the value of the parcel and its improvements. It may be established for fiscal purposes (е.g. valuation and equitable taxation), legal purposes (convincing), to assist in the management of land and land use for planning and other administrative purposes. The Cadastre enables sustainable development and environmental protection. Cadastral reform is concerned with the improvement of cadastral systems.
The Land Cadastre encompasses such information as land resource capacity, land tenure, land ownership and different land uses. The Cadastre provides:
— information identifying those people who have interests in parcels of land;
— information about those interests, е.g. land duration of rights, restrictions and responsibilities;
— information about the parcel, е.g. location, size, improvement, value.
Land tenure is concerned with the rights, restrictions and responsibilities that people have with respect to the land. The Cadastre may record different forms of land tenure such as ownership, leasehold, easements, mortgages and different types of common, communal or customary land tenure. The Surveyor undertakes different roles in different countries in relation to the establishment and maintenance of the Cadastre. The Survеуоr may be responsible for:
— cadastral surveying and mapping;
— cadastral information recording;
— land use planning;
— management of both the graphic and textual cadastral data bases;
— resolving land disputes;
— custody and supply of cadastral information.
Modern technology, such as up-to-date survey instruments, satellite position fixing, aerial photography and photogrammetry can offer new possibilities to increase the speed and lower the costs for cadastral reform. Computer technology can usually provide better access to information, better manipulation of cadastral data, better quality, and better legal and physical security. To fully utilize modern technology it is important to have trained personnel and facilities to maintain the equipment. Unfortunately this infrastructure is not found in many countries, thereby limiting the use of modern technology.
Переведите следующие словосочетания с русского языка на английский:
Разные страны, правительственные органы, обмен информацией, правовые вопросы, земельная регистрация, различные обстоятельства, организационные структуры, свободно доступный, лучшие манипуляции, новые возможности, систематический подход, перераспределение земли, надежная информация, рынок земли.
Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык и выучите их:
Different forms, land parcel, equitable taxation, legal purposes, coordinate system, geometric description, land registry, cadastral data, land redistribution, different role, better access, private interests, land disputes, to maintain the equipment.
Напишите по-английски 10 вопросов к тексту, будьте готовы ответить на них.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол в нужной форме. Переведите на русский язык.
1. London (to be) in the south of England.
2. The city (to lie) on the Thames.
3. The home counties around London (to have) thriving market gardening and fruit-growing industries.
4. The central part of Britain (to develop) the world’ earliest industries.
5. English (to own) the bulk of the agricultural land, most of the local Irish farmers (to be) tenants and landless small holders.
Перепишите предложения, переведите на русский язык. Определите, какой часть речи являются выделенные слова, укажите их функции в предложении.
1. The nation must import mоrе than three — fifths of the food supply for its large population.
2. The import of food product is important for Britain.
3. Agricultural land varies considerably throughout Britain.
4. Land areas are quite good for farming.
5. The planes landed every five minutes.
Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. В английских предложениях подчеркните инфинитив и определите его функцию.
1. Here is an example to be followed.
2. His behaviour leaves much to be desired.
3. To cut a long story short, he didn’t pass his exam on mathematics.
Перепишите предложения, вставляя нужные предлоги. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Do the mentioned rules apply to them? Your brother has to apologize … me for his words.
2. She asked Jane … the news.
3. She never asks … support.
4. He believes … magic.
5. These magazines belong … his grandfather.
6. The concert was aimed … young people and teenagers.
7. Professor Adams was angry … his lazy students.
8. Anna was ashamed … those rude words her friend said to her sister.
Прочитайте и переведите письменно текст.
Basic Elements of Cadastral System
А Land Cadastre as а Тах Tool and a Land Registry has long traditions. The legal base of modern ега of these institutions was created long ago. The following four basic aspects give an overview of the existing cadastral systems: legal and organizational characteristics, levels of
planning and control, aspects of multipurpose cadastres, and responsibilities of the public and private sectors. The basic elements of the cadastral systems are different in different countries. Cadastral systems can be based on titles, deeds, or both. Some countries have indicated that their cadastral system is based on titles. The parcel is the basic unit in the others. А civil law system is the legal basis in the most of them. Registration of property rights is also compulsory. In the average cadastral system, legal protection of the registered rights seems to be very good. The legal force of a property registration, however, has at the same time both a positive and negative
effect. The positive effect — registered rights — are assumed to be correct and the negative effect — unregistered rights — are assumed to be non-existent.
Furthermore, the state is in the most cases liable for any damage that was caused by faulty registration. In most jurisdictions, the cadastral systems include land registration and cadastral mapping. In many countries cadastral maps are part of the register, but not, for example, in most of the Australian states, and in Hong Kong, Greece, and Latvia.
Land registration includes such interests in land as the rights, but which are also restrictions and responsibilities. In most cases, the cadastre covers the complete territory of the
country. The exceptions are low priority areas which may not always be covered. The cadastres are mainly of a complete character which means that parcels are introduced into the systems in a systematic way. There are two components of strategic plannings — land registration and cadastral mapping. Strategic planning, management, and operational control for both components of the cadastral system are done within the same organization which is, in аll cases, from the public sector. But sometimes tasks of strategic planning and management control are separated among different organizations, some of which are even in the private sector. However, the strategic responsibility for the cadastral systems, i.e. strategic planning, is always kept in the hands of the public sector.
Cadastral systems were mainly established to serve a legal and/or a fiscal purpose. Historically, land records have been established to serve two main purposes. First, as «fiscal” records, primarily for the public sector, they have served as the basis for the full and accurate taxation of land. Second, as «legal» records for the private sector, they have served as registers of ownership and other land rights. The data of the cadastral systems are used for facilities management, base mapping, value assessment, land use planning, and environmental impact assessment. А legal basis, however, does not exist everywhere for аll of these other purposes.
Переведите следующие словосочетания с русского языка на английский:
Основные аспекты, во всех случаях, правовые и фискальные цели, частный сектор, влияние окружающей среды, эра нового государственного управления, финансовая часть земельной регистрации, административные недостатки, сильные и слабые стороны, быстрое обслуживание пользователей, точность карт, очень дорогой, часто указывает, низкий уровень (степень) охвата.
Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык и выучите их:
Vast amount, particular purposes, accurate information, a sustainable basis, modern society, long traditions, faulty registration, public and private sectors, negative effect, civil law system, property registration, low degree of coverage, further indications, legal support.
Напишите по-английски 10 вопросов к тексту, будьте готовы ответить на них.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол в нужной форме. Переведите на русский язык.
1. Forest land (to account) for about a third of the Nation’s total area.
2. Crop growing in the USA (to provide) large quantities of many different grain and industrial crops, vegetables and fruits.
3. Proportions of cropland (to be) vastly different in the Northeast and the Corn Belt.
4. Livestock products (to contribute) to thirds of the total marketable agricultural produce.
5. Poultry-farming (to be) a thriving industry.
Перепишите предложения, переведите на русский язык. Определите, какой часть речи являются выделенные слова, укажите их функции в предложении.
1. More than a half of the total acreage for this category, including about 11 percent of the 1982-87 increase is in Alaska.
2. They considerably increase the acreage of forest lands in this region.
3. The special group estimates an increase of poultry production in the area.
4. The census of population measure of urban area includes substantial acreage of open land within places classified as urban ones.
5. They can measure the acreage of these territories during two weeks.
Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. В английских предложениях подчеркните инфинитив и определите его функцию.
1. All you have to do is to write a letter.
2. To begin with, everybody makes mistakes.
3. To read English books is necessary.
Перепишите предложения, вставляя нужные предлоги. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Jane could benefit … her nature.
2. Patrick blamed his son … breaking the toys of his sister.
3. Our mother blamed it … my cousin. Anna boasted of a new green bag.
4. Russian has borrowed many words … different languages.
5. You care only … money!
6. He was glad … Michael who had solved such a complicated problem.
7. Alex is very good at foreign languages.
8. Her sister was guilty … doing this.
Прочитайте и переведите письменно текст.
Review of the Russian Medieval Cadastre
The Russian medieval cadastres had been a kind of routine regular survey. Land descriptions of the whole state or separate provinces were planned and fulfilled by the staff of the Estate Administration. Each expedition sent by an administrative unit to collect land use data included at least two senior officials (usually an experienced chancery official and a wealthy aristocrat) and few junior officials for whom it was a kind of practice. All the expeditions received special written orders from the tsar and had the right to check land property documents, to solve land disputes of local landlords, in some cases even to confiscate estate. These decisions could be changed only by the special tsar orders. А record in the cadastral book had usually been the best proof of property rights. The cadastral officials used to compare contemporary land use with the documents of the previous survey. That is why it is often possible to find brief data of a previous survey in the books of the next one.
From the end of the XVth century the Estate Administration undertook regular surveys of the lands of Moscow State. During these surveys there were created descriptions of the whole state and its separate provinces. These descriptions included a number of peasants in each village of the estate, quantity of arable and meadowlands, approximate data on forests. Being improved from one survey to another, late descriptions of the XVIIth century demonstrate distinguished and complicated feudal tax cadastre.
They evaluated land estates in two-steps way taking into consideration quantity of productive arable lands measured in a very accurate way. Next step was the evaluation of arable soil quality: good, medium or poor. After that the data on quality had been recalculated in exact proportion into special units of agricultural productivity of the estate. Land taxes and vassal obligations served as the basement of administrative, financial and military life of the Moscow State in the XVI-XVIIth centuries. These duties were determined in accordance with the quantity and feudal status of land holding and its agricultural value. The state itself did not carry out any important economic projects. Stability of central administration, power and wealth of Moscow State depended on prosperity of peasantry paying taxes and landlords serving for the state with their vassal. Surveyors took into consideration feudal status of the land holding they described. The data on agricultural productivity of estates had been recalculated once тоге into special tax units in order to reflect status of the landlords.
Переведите следующие словосочетания с русского языка на английский:
Отражать всю картину, хорошо известная точка зрения, подушный налог, природа и цели кадастра, сложный феодальный налоговый кадастр, обязанности вассала, тщательно изучать, власть и богатство, пересчитать в точной пропорции, средневековая аристократия, количество крестьян, собирать данные по землепользованию, изданные переводы книг, косвенные доказательства.
Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык и выучите их:
Few geographical surveys of cadastral character, late descriptions, introspective Moscow State, Great Reformer, рге-Petrine Russian culture, imperial ideology, the changes in the nature of a cadastre, feudal tax cadastre, low density, abundance of agricultural resources, unsuccessful attempts, hunting estates of tsars, vassal obligations, poll tax.
Напишите по-английски 10 вопросов к тексту, будьте готовы ответить на них.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол в нужной форме. Переведите на русский язык.
1. Nearly 90% of Canadians (to huddle) along the southern border with the USA.
2. The country (to make) up of 10 provinces and two northern territories.
3. Many years ago Quebec (to be) a French province.
4. А movement within Quebec to separate from Canada (to wax and wane) since the mid 1960s.
5. Canadians (to enjoy) a high standard of living.
Перепишите предложения, переведите на русский язык. Определите, какой часть речи являются выделенные слова, укажите их функции в предложении.
l. In the countryside the population is very thinly spread.
2. This bread spread made of meat and vegetables.
3. The three general flat mid-western provinces are the prairies.
4. Most population live in houses, only a small portion live in flats.
5. Western countries are accustomed to high standards of living.
6. This is a book about Canada’s traditions, customs and festivals.
Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. В английских предложениях подчеркните инфинитив и определите его функцию.
1. I left my village to enter the university.
2. This new actress is pleasant to look at.
3. To read this English book you will have to use a dictionary.
Перепишите предложения, вставляя нужные предлоги. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. He doesn`t care … his grandparents.
2. Mary complained … her neighbour about being dismissed from her post.
3. The pupils must concentrate … their work during the lessons.
4. Your relatives don`t want to conform … the rules of our village.
5. They congratulated their guide … his jubilee.
6. She was greatly surprised … this letter.
7. Sarah was tired … his pejorative words.
8. The text was written … red pencil.
Прочитайте и переведите письменно текст.
The UK «Cadastre»
The word cadastre is generally used to describe “a methodically arranged public inventory of data concerning properties, within а certain country or district, based upon a survey of their boundaries». There are numerous models however for its use and implementation throughout Europe. Taking the land parcel as its foundation, the cadastre is used to record information about land rights, valuation, land use, etc.
There is no UK Cadastre — the word cadastre is not one commonly used in the UK, where for historical reasons the development of land administration institutions has taken place in a different way from the rest of Europe. While mapping remains the basis for those activities considered as «cadastral», in the UK there is no single organization responsible for the cadastre. Ordnance Survey, as a national mapping agency, maintains large scale mapping for England, Scotland, and Wales. In Northern Ireland this is the responsibility of Ordnance Survey Northern Ireland. The detailed digital mapping maintained by these two Government Agencies provides the definitive framework upon which other organizations can «hook» and manage their data. Another difference with most mainland European countries is that the base mapping in UK is topographic — it shows features that exist on the ground but not the fixed boundary points and monuments usually associated with а cadastre.
Ordnance Survey has made Great Britain one of the few countries in the world to have a complete digital national topographic database, including complete large scale data for all urban areas. Recently Ordnance Survey Northern Ireland has completed the UK picture with large scale digital data covering the entire province. Within Great Britain there is now widespread use of digital mapping across many user sectors, in one of the most developed markets in Europe.
Over the last twelve months Ordnance Survey has embarked on a number of projects under the umbrella of а new «е-Business strategy», the vision of which is: «Ordnance Survey and its partners will be the content provider of choice for location based information in the new knowledge economy». As a part of its new е-Business strategy, Ordnance Survey is developing its digital mapping products and services within a coherent infrastructure known as the Digital National Framework. А unique 16 digit topographic identifier is used for all points, lines, and areas, and provides a common link that will аllow different data to reference the same feature allowing users to cross reference data in a way that should help to release the potential and value of their data.
Переведите следующие словосочетания с русского языка на английский:
Основная схожесть, несмотря на организационные рамки, правительственные структуры (агентства), картирование остается основой, оценка имущества (недвижимости), электронная бизнес-стратегия, уникальный цифровой определить (идентификатор), инициатива модернизации правительства, полевые заметки, в соответствии с количеством участков, «объединенное правительство», бывшие колонии, степень безопасности и надежности, он должен обратиться к регистратору.
Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык и выучите их:
Within a certain country, use and implementation throughout Euгоре, to maximize the efficiency, Valuation Office Agency, complete digital database, е-Business strategy, relatively uniform cadastral surveys, unique definition, certificate of title, less pronounced, must be surveyed and demarcated, objects of taxation, greatest achievements, the cradle of the European cadastre, under the umbrella.
Напишите по-английски 10 вопросов к тексту, будьте готовы ответить на них.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол в нужной форме. Переведите на русский язык.
I. Australia (to isolate) from the rest of the world and has no land frontiers.
2. The jet age (to bring) Australia closer to the rest of the world.
3. Air temperatures (to drop) below freezing anywhere in Australia at any time of year.
4. Over 60% of the total area of the country (to have) no rivers.
5. The small farmers (to be) unable to operate when droughts happened.
Перепишите предложения, переведите на русский язык. Определите, какой часть речи являются выделенные слова, укажите их функции в предложении.
1. Australia is isolated from the rest of the world.
2. Many people visit New Zealand to see the remote places and to rest there.
3. Sheep farming was the first form of agriculture developed in Australia.
4. Australia, Tasmania and many smaller islands form Australian Union.
5. The rain water quickly filters down through the top soil.
6. It rains heavily in some periods and torrential rains destroy bridges.
Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. В английских предложениях подчеркните инфинитив и определите его функцию.
1. There are lots of contradictions to be found in your report.
2. The problems to be discussed are of vital importance for our work.
3. To develop national economy is the main task of the government.
Перепишите предложения, вставляя нужные предлоги. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The bicycle ….my friend is similar to mine.
2. Your blender is far superior … mine.
3. He is not sure … his skills.
4. The new group will consist … twenty people.
5. Her daily expenses depend … travel distances.
6. She depends … her husband telling her everything he knows.
7. His children were deprived .. the games in the open air.
8. People often die …unknown diseases.
Прочитайте и переведите письменно текст.
What Is an Urban Cadastre
An urban cadastre is a physical description of the land and real estate tenure in a city. It contains graphic and textual information. Graphic information includes the description of each individual parcel and building, topographic features such as roads, rivers, contour lines, additional information such as cartographic grids, geodetic benchmarks, etc. Textual information includes names of owners or occupants, names of streets or areas of specific interest, main characteristics of each parcel or building such as the area, the fiscal value, the associated urban certificates, etc. Both types of information are linked together and managed in a system known as a cadastral information system.
Most of the time, the cadastre is integrated with the property registry, the legal registration of land and real estate property. Integration of the cadastre with the registry creates a parcel based registry or a legal cadastre. This guarantees the exact correspondence between physical and legal ownership. In other words, wherever there is a parcel or building, there are the corresponding titles or «legal tenure documents» registered in the the property registry, and respectively, wherever there are registered titles, there is a unique parcel corresponding to it. This is technically permitted by a unique identification number that links unilaterally the parcel or the building to the title.
We can identify two categories of stockholders involved in the maintenance and use of cadastral information: information providers and information users. Information providers include cadastral and registry services as well as private surveyors and notaries. The former are responsible for the systematic production and maintenance of the information, the latter generally intervene for day to day individual demands, such as private utility and facility companies that would produce and need data for their own purposes like water tax collection. Information users include the private individual users, municipalities and local communities, public and private investors, banks, real estate and mortgage brokers, etc.
The successful urban cadastre depends upon legal frameworks, the social assessment and participation as well as use of new technologies.
Переведите следующие словосочетания с русского языка на английский:
Описание участка, топографические черты, дополнительная информация, городской сертификат, уникальный опознавательный номер, 2 категории акционеров, пользователь информации, поставщик информации, правовые рамки, увеличить доступ, устранить напряженность, дальнейший анализ, перепись владельцев, безопасность недвижимости.
Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык и выучите их:
Registry service, property registry, unique parcel, private investors, multipurpose tool, city revenue, urban certificates, tax collection, own purposes, individual demands, geodetic grids, real estate, information users, comprehensive census of owners and occupants.
Напишите по-английски 10 вопросов к тексту, будьте готовы ответить на них.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол в нужной форме. Переведите на русский язык.
1. In India they (to solve) the problems of irrigation.
2. Indian agriculture (to dominate) by crop growing.
3. India (to have) the world’s largest herb of cattle.
4. Vegetable oil (to replace) animal fats in most areas.
5. Animal husbandry (to be) widespread in the north-west of India.
Перепишите предложения, переведите на русский язык. Определите, какой часть речи являются выделенные слова, укажите их функции в предложении.
1. In India they have two seasons for agricultural work: they sow in Мау and harvest in October.
2. October is their harvest time.
3. That cow yielded only 10 litres of milk а 4ау.
4. The yields of millet are very high in this part of the country.
5. The principal oil bearing plants are rape, castor — bean plant and ground nut.
6. They plant all kinds of exotic species in their botanic gardens.
Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. В английских предложениях подчеркните инфинитив и определите его функцию.
1. To put it mildly, this work must be done.
2. The decision to be made is hardly an easy one.
3. To develop national economy the people have to use the natural resources of the country most efficiently.
Перепишите предложения, вставляя нужные предлоги. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Sarah was really proud …her clothing.
2. Our mother suffers … orientation loss related to her main disease.
3. His sister was never satisfied … the results of her exams.
4. We search for a bank which is independent … our government.
5. Jane wanted to be indifferent … her new friend, but she liked him.
6. All they are interested … at the moment is music.
7. She explained her attitude … this unpleasant experience to the office manager.
8. I think I fail … psychology.
Прочитайте и переведите письменно текст.
The reuse of vacant land and abandoned structures can represent an opportunity for the economic growth and recovery of a diverse range of urban areas. Vacant and abandoned property is a symptom of central city decline that has now become a problem in its own right.
Vacant land represents both a significant problem and an attractive opportunity for many central cities. Vacant land and abandoned structures impose both economic and social costs on cities and neighbourhoods or districts in which they are located. On the economic side, such properties lower neighbouring property values and tax revenues even as they create pressure to raise taxes to maintain service levels. Likewise, vacant land and abandoned structures impose significant social costs on communities as images of blight, as targets for vandalism and criminal activity, and as unsafe and unhealthy structures.
At the same time, though, vacant land holds out an opportunity for central cities when it is seen as a competitive asset in the implementation of economic development strategies. Vacant land development can generate new economic activity, increase tax revenue, improve transportation and physical amenities, and increase safety. It can also help cities to resolve their brownfield problems as well as reinforce «smart growth» practices by accommodating growth and development within existing urban areas.
Despite the need to understand better the problems and opportunities associated with vacant and abandoned properties, few efforts have attempted to comprehensively quantify their extent. Land use planners surveyed cities perceptions of their vacant land and abandoned structures problem and found that they were viewed as a serious concern. The survey has found that, on the average, 15 реr cent of a city’s land remains vacant. But while both surveys help to provide a better under- standing of the issue and city responses to it, neither was comprehensive. The survey also found that city officials deemed aggressive building code enforcement the most effective technique to address vacant land and abandoned structures, followed by the use of tax foreclosure (used by 60 реr cent of the surveyed cities).
То understand the full scope of the problems and opportunities associated with vacant lands and abandoned structures, we need systematic and ongoing data collection.
Переведите следующие словосочетания с русского языка на английский:
Перестройка земли, повторное использование, свободная земля, благоустройство города (нарядный рост), пустующие структуры, социальные затраты, цели для вандализма и криминальной деятельности, осуществление экономического развития, лучшее понимание проблем, налоговое лишение права выкупа, сбор данных, восприятие города, возможность экономического роста.
Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык и выучите их:
Tax lien foreclosure, for the public good, land remains vacant, eminent domain, increase tax revenue, insurable property title, recipient property, smart growth, legislative reforms, local level remains deficient, abandoned land, approaches have been pioneered, hindering the process, a marketable proper title.
Напишите по-английски 10 вопросов к тексту, будьте готовы ответить на них.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол в нужной форме. Переведите на русский язык.
1. Many years ago peasants in Africa (to have) to till their land with primitive implements, and even now they (to use) the wooden plough and the hoe.
2. The cut-and-burn systems of cultivation (to be) still widespread in the savannah ап4 tropical forest zone.
3. The acreage of land under food crops, particularly grain crops (to ехрап4) constantly.
4. 1п North Africa after independence most of the land (to nationalize).
5. At the same time large landowners estates (to leave) untouched.
Перепишите предложения, переведите на русский язык. Определите, какой часть речи являются выделенные слова, укажите их функции в предложении.
1. The geography of export and consumer crop growing depends on prevailing climatic and soil conditions.
2. They export citrus fruit, olives, vegetables, fruits and esparto grass from the North Africa to Europe.
3. Egypt and the Sudan export cotton.
4. In Western Europe they produce instant coffee.
5. They process the high quality coffee beans grown in Africa.
6. The process is time and labour consuming.
Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. В английских предложениях подчеркните инфинитив и определите его функцию.
1. This method is of great scientific value, to say nothing of its possible economic effect.
2. There are some measures to be urgently taken.
3. To expand old universities is much cheaper than to build new ones.
Перепишите предложения, вставляя нужные предлоги. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. His sister insisted … her innocence.
2. The visitors listened … the classical music.
3. She looked … her telephone a while.
4. The boy is just jealous … his girl.
5. Nicole was married … a banker.
6. They were always pleased … the skills of their children.
7. My brother was looking … a new bike for his son.
8. She helped him look … his newspaper.
Прочитайте и переведите письменно текст.
Aristotle is said to have defined a City as a «place where men live a common life for a noble end» which implies an end of the life or an implementation of the aim.
Unfortunately in the majority of cases the aim has been an unconscious one with the result that cities have grown in a haphazard manпег, and many beautiful spots turned into an ugly accumulation of bricks and mortar.
А careful study of what wise town planning, the liberal provision of attractive amenities can do, and has already done for some of the cities of Europe will convince the greatest anti-town-planner of the wisdom of looking well ahead. It invariably happens that town planning is not thought of or put into operation until a certain amount of development has taken place.
А city attractive by its beauty, by its artistic symmetry and design and by the amenities and conveniences which it offers will gain а reputation and an individuality which not only its Council and its landowners, but also its citizens, may be proud.
What then should be the aim of every City? And to answer that question we are at once thrown back upon the question of what should be the individuality by which the City should be marked and known.
Bacon says in his Essay of Gardens, that «God Almighty first planted a garden. And indeed it is the purest of human pleasures, it is the greatest refreshment to the spirit of men without which buildings and palaces are but gross handiwork». Surely then the aim should be the one implied by the term «Garden City», beautiful, well planted and finely laid out, known and characterized by the charm and amenities which it can offer to those who seek a residence or dwelling removed from the turmoil, stress and discomforts of a manufacturing district.
The various system of planning which have been adopted in the past are rectangular, radial and circumferential; but the latest schemes for town planning are generally a combination of all three, which allows for the best fulfillment of town planning ideals.
The problem then for the town planner is to consider his scheme in respect to the configuration and undulations of the site; direction of main radial and circumferential avenues and boulevards; the layout and construction of avenues and boulevards; open spaces, parks and recreation grounds; tramways; civic centre. The limitation of the number of houses реr acre and height and identical character should be provided. Factories and works must also be placed in the special areas.
Переведите следующие словосочетания с русского языка на английский:
Великий Архитектор Вселенной, привлекательные удобства, цель каждого города, ручная работа в чистом виде, вдали от суматохи, стресса и дискомфорта, сочетания лучших идей, неровности места (под застройку), кольцевые бульвары, план и строительство авеню, парки и места для отдыха, общественный центр, салон красоты, сильно загруженные улицы, устранить перенаселенность.
Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык и выучите их:
The majority of cases, attractive amenities, it invariably happens, gross handiwork, the purest of human pleasures, dwelling removed from the turmoil and discomfort, well planted and finally laid out, undulation of the site, heavily trafficked streets, to prevent the congestion, approximately the same height, wide grass margins, creation of fitting civic centre.
Напишите по-английски 10 вопросов к тексту, будьте готовы ответить на них.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол в нужной форме. Переведите на русский язык.
1. In the post-war period most Latin American countries (to introduce) land reforms.
2. The reforms (not, to touch) the foundations of the latifundia system in most countries.
3. In Mexico large land owners and private farms (to own) over half the total cultivated acreage.
4. Before 1973 in Chile the most radical land reform (to carry out).
5. 1п northern Mexico cattle (to breed) for sale to the USA.
Перепишите предложения, переведите на русский язык. Определите, какой часть речи являются выделенные слова, укажите их функции в предложении.
1. In Mexico despite the transfer of considerable areas of agricultural land to peasant communes, private farmers own over half the total cultivated acreage.
2. In Chile they transferred some cultivated areas to peasant communes.
3. The most radical land reform in Latin America was carried out in Chile.
4. In many countries of the world the governments are forced to reform the system of land use as land resources are limited.
5. Cattle-breeding farms produce beef both for export and home consumption.
6. They sell their dairy produce abroad.
Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. В английских предложениях подчеркните инфинитив и определите его функцию.
1. To tell the truth, we expected quite different results.
2. Here are some new expressions to be learnt.
3. To expand old universities is a versatile problem.
Перепишите предложения, вставляя нужные предлоги. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. He has to look … his sick dog.
2. Ray wanted to pay the children $5 … washing his dirty car.
3. What country will you play … in the next match?
4. I prefer mineral water … other drinks.
5. This beach umbrella will protect your child … the sun.
6. Such food will never protect you … vein disease.
7. Such projects provide many people of this town … work.
8. This small hotel provides laundry service … the guests.
Прочитайте и переведите письменно текст.
Planning Process Description in the Laws
The Russian Code spends most of its details on the technical processes of creating plans and urban development documentation. Detail is included which is intended to guide the bureaucratic organizations and the planning institutes and professionals in the ways in which they should go about creating plans. This includes descriptions of the content of the mandatory section plans, interrelation of the urban development plans with other actions of governmental authorities as well as the processes of mandatory «expertization». Similarly, there are great details in describing the tasks and powers of bureaucratic units.
Despite the differences, however, the planning and urban development laws of the «western» countries reflect similar concepts of law-drafting and the structure of legislation. These can be characterized in the following ways:
— the laws (as opposed to the sub-legislation and local regulation) accomplish two primary purposes: (1) they authorize or mandate the pertinent government administrations to engage in planning and land use regulation; (2) they define the status of these government actions in relation to the legal rights and responsibilities of landowners and land users, individuals and juridical entities and citizens generally;
— the laws assume that the predominant form of landholding in urban area is private ownership and that most actions, which result in new development or redevelopment, are civil law/market transactions. The plans and regulations are intended to guide these private actions, and the state and municipal investments in infrastructure and public facilities are to support them. Except in the special case of redeveloping obsolete areas, government actions are not intended to replace private actions to determine how and when to invest in the use and development of specific parcels of land;
— the laws do not define the specific methodologies for planning or fix the content of plans, except with respect to broad categories of subject matter. These are technical issues, which the experts, local officials and citizens will work out. The laws anticipate that there will be disagreements; therefore, they provide procedures for coordination, mediation and public participation. The laws are not used to give one group of experts control over the planning process, excluding others;
— the laws are not intended to fix the power relationship among subunits of the government administrations. These are management issues. The responsibilities to carry out planning and regulatory tasks are given to the chief executor (governor, mayor) or to one or тоге ministers. They have the responsibility to organize (or reorganize) the subordinate units to accomplish the tasks most efficiently.
Переведите следующие словосочетания с русского языка на английский:
Описанный в Российских законах процесс, взаимосвязь планов городского развития, технические и управленческие вопросы, правительственная администрация, правовые и финансовые трудности, разрабатывать крупномасштабные территориальные планы, последующий ущерб, технический и государственный обзор.
Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык и выучите их:
Russian Code, technical process, bureaucratic organization, mandatory «expertization», issues to be treated in sub-legislation, the spatial plan, density of settlement, land relation, a great variety of ways, broad principles of public participation, soil contamination, immovable and movable items, mortgage financing system, criminal violations.
Напишите по-английски 10 вопросов к тексту, будьте готовы ответить на них.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол в нужной форме. Переведите на русский язык.
1. Long-long ago when it was an early autumn cows, sheep and pigs (to look) fat enough.
2. After a hard winter the animals bones (to stick through) their hides and they scarcely had strength to crawl.
3. In the faraway days there (to be) little winter food for animals.
4. The animals (to keep) in the fields and on scanty supplies of hay.
5. In winter and spring soon after dawn the villagers (to appear) with their ploughs and oxen.
Перепишите предложения, переведите на русский язык. Определите, какой часть речи являются выделенные слова, укажите их функции в предложении.
1. With the exception of four species, native maples are large trees. Natives enjoy living in these forests.
2. The farms use electricity in most agiicultural processes.
3. The use of electricity on the farm is necessary.
4. Land is necessary to satisfy man’ s needs.
5. The western coast is deeply penetrated by numerous arms of the sea.
6. On the southern coast naval bases and seaside resorts lie.
Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. В английских предложениях подчеркните инфинитив и определите его функцию.
1. Our new boss is hard to please.
2. This is the issue to be debated in the Parliament.
3. To take correct measurements is not an easy task.
Перепишите предложения, вставляя нужные предлоги. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Edith is regarded … an eccentric girl.
2. They always rely … their relatives to help take care of their dogs when they are abroad.
3. It became too dark in the garden to search … lost glasses.
4. They have searched the railway station … bombs.
5. Your daughter spends all her time and money … dogs.
6. The guests of this party were dressed … various old time suits.
7. The big green bottle was full …gingili oil.
8. I told her I was very glad … the news about my relatives.
Прочитайте и переведите письменно текст.
Land markets provide a mechanism for the allocation of ownership and use rights that is typically for the most valuable single class of asset in an economy. At the same time land use and sometimes land ownership have influences on other aspects of society’s economic and noneconomic interests. The general trend towards market economies, for example, often adversely affects men who do not get equal opportunities to use land and property as a commodity. There is therefore a need for regulations based on environment, social, cultural and political considerations that provide a framework for the activities of the land market.
Land markets are made up of a constantly developing portfolio of legal interests and transaction types. This portfolio of transaction types includes sale, rental, sharecropping, and licenses, together with associated derivative transactions including mortgages and mortgage markets, аnd other real estate interests.
Some of these transaction types are typically registrable in those jurisdictions that have formal registration institutions, including sales, mortgages, some leases, and some third party interests. Many are not, including particularly those «less» formal interests such as shorter term of leases or rental agreements, sharecropping agreements and licenses, derivative interests operating «upstream» of the registrable interests such as secondary mortgage market, and some customary rights.
The general rationale for land markets is that, under appropriate institutional frameworks, they will tend systematically to move land towards the most economically efficient ownership and use. This is broadly accepted as a desirable function, particularly given that land is typically the most valuable single class of asset in an economy.
Переведите следующие словосочетания с русского языка на английский:
Ключевые требования, более точная оценка, финансовый сервис, уровень фальсификации, рыночные товары, отоваривание земли, повышающаяся стоимость земельного имущества, возможности вложения.
Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык и выучите их:
Wide range of activities, to encourage certain uses, potential interventions, land taxation system, sound arguments, access to information, the general trend, a constantly developing portfolio, transaction types, formal registration institutions, third party interest, the general rationale, level of sophistication, increasing demands for harmonization.
Напишите по-английски 10 вопросов к тексту, будьте готовы ответить на них.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол в нужной форме. Переведите на русский язык.
1. The most obvious and familiar of all farm building (to be) the barn.
2. It (to dominate) many farmsteads from the middle age to Hanoverian times.
3. This country (to depend) quite literally for its daily bread.
4. The pattern of the barn (to determine) centuries ago by the storage and processing needs of the grain harvest.
5. At harvest time waggons (to come) into the barn form the fields through one door, (to unload) their heaves and left by the other door.
Перепишите предложения, переведите на русский язык. Определите, какой часть речи являются выделенные слова, укажите их функции в предложении.
1. The sea-borne trade has stimulated the development of a diversified municipal economy in London.
2. You may tell lies about this country, but no students will believe уоu: they visit it twice a year.
3. Every visit is quite lucky.
4. Other estimates of the rate of urbanization are based directly on changes in developed land.
5. This will change the quality of crop production in this area.
Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. В английских предложениях подчеркните инфинитив и определите его функцию.
1. Our neighbours are difficult to deal with.
2. The scientist spoke about the new method to be introduced.
3. To take correct measurements it is necessary to use accurate instruments.
Перепишите предложения, вставляя нужные предлоги. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. She was thinking … her new post in the office.
2. What does she think … our new project?
3. My cousin is translating different texts … Hungarian … Arabic.
4. At that time the people were standing near the bus and waiting … their guide.
5. Bulgarian tourists were warned … the danger of an unknown infection.
6. The doctor told him to be careful … his poor health during his travelling toAfrica.
7. The new mix is composed … vegetables and vegetable oils.
8. Our tomatoes are different … yours.
Прочитайте и переведите письменно текст.
Soil pollution has become a priority in many industrialized countries after the inventory of various locations in which contamination was posing a risk to people and the environment.
The effects of soil contamination are different:
— soil pollution is a source of risk for humans and ecosystems, which are (potentially) affected by direct exposure to the contaminated surface or by indirect exposure, for instance through contaminated ground water;
— soil contamination is a source of risk for ground work (like pipelines or utility network) due to the chemical properties of the contaminant and the risk of ignition and explosion, for instance for fuel contamination;
— for publicly owner sites, a polluted area is a severe planning constraint, since the site use may be impossible or limited to a specific soil functionality (е.g., an industrial storage facility);
— for privately owned sites, a polluted area is a heavy economic burden of remediation expenditures (а net cost for the company) and of soil usage;
— the presence of polluted areas may hinder and delay some specific developments which imply land use and ground work (like the provision or maintenance of infrastructures);
— remediation expenditures do not offer any increase in productivity, merely the possibility of removing a source of risk and a planning constraint.
The ultimate objective of the operations is to eliminate the risk to a man and the environment and to prevent the dispersion of pollution, that is to restore multifunctionality in the shortest possible time. Soil multifunctionality requires that the soil on the site after sanitation should pose no harm to humans, animals or plants, regardless of the use of the site, the type of soil, the type of pollutants and the local situation. This is a very demanding objective, totally driven by environmental quality considerations. There is, however, a growing awareness that other criteria should be included when assessing remediation strategies.
One of the reasons is that the costs involved in multifunctional operations are no longer political defendable. 4here is also a growing recognition that clean-up operations do not necessarily lead to a positive environmental balance. Soil remediation requires the use of resources (like energy and clean water) and may lead to a net transfer of contamination to other compartments (for instance, due to air emissions).
Therefore, the single perspective implied by the multifunctionality may result into an approach which disregards many relevant concerns for soil remediation.
Переведите следующие словосочетания с русского языка на английский:
Загрязнение почвы, непосредственная подверженность, повышение производительности, растущая осведомленность, землепользование, восстановление почвы, самое короткое время, тяжелое экономическое бремя, источник риска, операции по очистке.
Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык и выучите их:
Remediation strategy, pose no harm to humans, a growing awareness; chemical properties, planning constraint, dispersion of pollution, due to air emission, to restore multifunctionality, industrialized countries, increase in productivity, may hinder, specific developments, economic burden, environmental balance.
Напишите по-английски 10 вопросов к тексту, будьте готовы ответить на них.
💥 Видео
Украина: битва за Европу | Крым, Донбасс, ЕС, война и реформы ЗеленскогоСкачать
Проводятся активные работы по "Креативной лаборатории" АРТБУК . Работа учителя Асенкановой А.О.Скачать
15 Fastest Growing Industries of the Future [2023 Edition]Скачать
7 Growing Industries of the Future 2022Скачать
Изучайте хинди успешно и эффективноСкачать
Top 5 fastest growing industries #shorts #innovation #business #economy #futureСкачать
Eight Growing Industries to Increase Your Revenue (and How to Navigate Them More Safely)Скачать
Изучайте китайский успешно и эффективноСкачать
Query: Сравнение переводов слов и словосочетаний [ru-en] Training Task AnswerСкачать
15 Industries That Make BillionairesСкачать
Рекомендации по выполнению итогового заданияСкачать
The 5 Fastest Growing Industries | #shorts #industryСкачать
Top 10 Fastest Growing Industries In 2022 - Best Growing Industries of the FutureСкачать
Изучайте французский язык успешно и эффективноСкачать
Сравнение переводов слов и словосочетаний ru en Pass training with 100 SCORE EARN WITH TOLOKAСкачать
Top 10 Growing Technologies For Future 2023 | Best Growing Industries In 2023 | SimplilearnСкачать
|
![15 Fastest Growing Industries of the Future [2023 Edition]](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/t3uxqH748HE/0.jpg)
![Query: Сравнение переводов слов и словосочетаний [ru-en] Training Task Answer](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/cmIWy0-EiuU/0.jpg)
