Найдите в тексте 2 английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний сложная сеть (3 видео)

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Пособие рассчитано на учащихся средних школ, лицеев, гимназий, колледжей и студентов высших учебных заведений всех, кто интересуется английским языком и увлекается компьютером. Удк 811. 111(07) ббк81. 2Англ-9
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intricate [‘mtnkit] — сложный, запутанный, electronic circuit [sbkt’romk ‘sa:kit] — электронная цепь, схема

to operate switches [ops’reit ‘switfiz] — приводить в действие переключатели

to store numbers [‘sto: ‘плтЬзг] — запоминать числа

13 Unit 1. Information-Dependent Society

to manipulate [ms’nipjuleit] — управлять; обращаться; преобразовывать

to input / to feed in — вводить (информацию)

to turn on = to switch on — включать

to turn off = to switch off— выключать

to process data [prou’ses ‘delta] — обрабатывать данные

to supply [sa’plai] — подавать, вводить, снабжать, обеспечивать

addition [s’difn] — сложение

subtraction [sAb’trajkJh] — вычитание

division [di’vrjn] —деление

multiplication [‘тлИгрп’кег/п] — умножение

exponentiation [eksps’nenji’eijn] — возведение в степень

user [‘juzs] — пользователь

input device [‘input di’vais] — устройство ввода

disk drive [‘disk ‘draiv] — дисковое запоминающее устройство, дисковод

tape drive [‘teip ‘draiv] — запоминающее устройство на магнитной ленте

cathode-ray tube [‘kseOsd rei 4ju:b] — электроннолучевая трубка

to make decisions — принимать решения

instantaneously [jnstan’teinjssli] — мгновенно, немедленно

Прочтите текст 2 и скажите, что такое компьютер и каковы его основные функции.

Text 2. WHAT IS A COMPUTER?

A computer is a machine with an intricate network of electronic circuits that operate switches or magnetize tiny metal cores. The switches, like the cores, are capable of being in one or two possible states, that is, on or off; magnetized or demagnetized. The machine is capable of storing and manipulating numbers, letters, and characters (symbols).

Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 14

The basic idea of a computer is that we can make the machine do what we want by inputting signals that turn certain switches on and turn others off, or magnetize or do not magnetize the cores.

The basic job of computers is processing of information. For this reason computers can be defined as devices which accept information in the form of instructions, called a program, and characters, called data, perform mathematical and / or logical operations on the information, and then supply results of these operations. The program, or part of it, which tells the computers what to do and the data, which provide the information needed to solve the problem, are kept inside the computer in a place called memory.

It is considered that computers have many remarkable powers. However most computers, whether large or small, have three basic capabilities.

First, computers have circuits for performing arithmetic operations, such as: addition, subtraction, division, multiplication and exponentiation.

Second, computers have a means of communicating with the user. After all, if we couldn’t feed information in and get results back, these machines wouldn’t be of much use. Some of the most common methods of inputting information are to use terminals, diskettes, disks and magnetic tapes. The computer’s input device (a disk drive or tape drive) reads the information into the computer. For outputting information two common devices used are: a printer, printing the new information on paper, and a cathode-ray-tube display, which shows the results on a TV-like screen.

Third, computers have circuits which can make decisions. The kinds of decisions which computer circuits can make are not of the type: «Who would win the war between two countries?» or «Who is the richest person in the world?» Unfortunately, the computer can only decide three things, namely: Is one number less than another? Are two numbers equal? and, Is one number greater than another?

A computer can solve a series of problems and make thousands of logical decisions without becoming tired. It can find the solution to a problem in a fraction of the time it takes a human being to do the job.

15 Unit 1. Information-Dependent Society

A computer can replace people in dull, routine tasks, but it works according to the instructions given to it. There are times when a computer seems to operate like a mechanical ‘brain’, but its achievements are limited by the minds of human beings. A computer cannot do anything unless a person tells it what to do and gives it the necessary information; but because electric pulses can move at the speed of light, a computer can carry out great numbers of arithmetic-logical operations almost instantaneously. A person can do the same, but in many cases that person would be dead long before the job was finished.

8. Переведите текст. Ответьте на вопросы, используя ин
формациютекста.

1. What is a computer? 2. What are the two possible states of the switches? 3. What are the main functions of a computer? 4. In what way can we make the computer do what we want? 5. What is the basic task of a computer? 6. In what form does a computer accept information? 7. What is a program? 8. What are data? 9. What is memory? 10. What three basic capabilities have computers? 11. What are the ways of inputting information into the computer? 12. What is the function of an input device? 13. What devices are used for outputting information? 14. What decisions can the computer make? 15. What are the computer’s achievements limited by?

9. Найдите в тексте 2 английские эквиваленты следующих
словосочетаний:

Сложная сеть электронных цепей; управлять (приводить в действие) переключателями; возможные состояния; хранить (запоминать) числа; обрабатывать символы; посредством ввода сигналов; включать; выключать; размагничивать сердечники; обработка информации; информация в виде команд; символы, называемые данными; выполнять математические операции; выдавать результаты; обеспечивать необходимую информацию; иметь замечательные возможности; основные свойства; сложение, вычитание, деление, умножение; возведение в степень; средства для общения с пользователем; устройство ввода; дисковод; считывать информацию; вывод информации; катоднолучевая трубка; принимать решения; выполнять тысячи логических операций; без устали; находить реше-

Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 16

ние задачи; значительно меньший промежуток времени; человек; нудная рутинная работа; в соответствии с введенной программой; вырабатывать свои суждения; возможности ограничены программой, заложенной в него человеком; дать требуемую информацию; электрические импульсы; со скоростью света; мгновенно производить огромное количество математических операций; человеку может не хватить всей жизни, чтобы закончить работу.

10. Составьте пары или группыблизких позначению слов
из перечня, приведенного ниже.

Например: A. to perform, to exercise, to carry out; B. a man, a person, a human being;

Verbs: to turn on, to provide, to type, to accept, to help, to learn, to observe, to call, to tell, to keep, to feed, to solve, to relate, to switch off, to communicate, to receive, to supply, to switch on, to assist, to print, to study, to input, to turn off, to decide, to store, to say, to name, to watch.

Nouns: work, machine, fundamentals, display, application, capabilities, job, storage, screen, state, basics, use, concept, specialist, journal, character, memory, idea, expert, magazine, position, symbol, command, data, solution, device, instruction, powers, information, decision.

Adjectives: basic, tiny, common, small, main, significant, routine, general, remarkable, uninterested, intricate, important, wonderful, complex, little.

Adverbs: rapidly, probably, instantaneously, in a moment, quickly, perhaps.

Выполните письменный перевод текста 3 по вариантам.

Text3. APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS

1.At present a great deal of the work force of most countries is engaged in creating, processing, storing, communicating and just working with information. Computers have become commonplace in homes, offices, stores, schools, research institutes, plants.

The use of computers in business, industry and communication services is widespread today. Computer-controlled robots are able to improve the quality of manufactured products and

17 Unit 1. Information-Dependent Society

to increase the productivity of industry. Computers can control the work of power stations, plants and docks. They help in making different decisions and in management of economy.

The work of banks depends upon computer terminals for millions of daily operations. Without these terminals, records of deposits and withdrawals would be difficult to maintain, and it would be impossible to make inquiries about the current status of customer accounts.

Computers form a part of many military systems including communication and fire control. They are applied for automatic piloting and automatic navigation. Space exploration depends on computers for guidance, on-board environment and research.

2. Computers find application in astronomy and upper atmosphere research. Weather forecasting, library information services can benefit from computers too.

It is interesting to note that computers are widely used in medicine. They became valuable medical diagnostic tools. Computers are used for optical scanning and image processing, ranging from pattern recognition to image processing. Technicians can operate computer tomography scanners which combine x-rays with computer technology to give sectional views of the body of patients. The views then can be combined into a single image shown on the screen.

It should be noticed that learning on a computer can be fun. Students spend more time with computer-aided instruction performing the assigned task, as compared with conventional classroom.

At last air traffic control is impossible without computer application. It fully depends upon computer-generated information.

Many other uses of computers that we cannot imagine at present will become commonplace in the transition from an industrial to post industrial, or information society.

to maintain records — вести учет

deposits and withdrawal — вклады и изъятие (выемка)

guidance — наведение (на цель); управление; руководство

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9. Найдите в тексте 2 английские эквиваленты следующих
словосочетаний:

Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 16

10. Составьте пары или группы близких по значению слов
из перечня, приведенного ниже.

Например : A. to perform, to exercise, to carry out; B. a man, a person, a human being;

Adjectives: basic, tiny, common, small, main, significant, routine, general, remarkable, uninterested, intricate, important, wonderful, complex, little.

Adverbs: rapidly, probably, instantaneously, in a moment, quickly, perhaps.

11. Выполните письменный перевод текста 3 по вариантам.

Text3. APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS

1. At present a great deal of the work force of most countries is engaged in creating, processing, storing, communicating and just working with information. Computers have become commonplace in homes, offices, stores, schools, research institutes, plants.

The use of computers in business, industry and communication services is widespread today. Computer-controlled robots are able to improve the quality of manufactured products and

17 Unit 1. Information-Dependent Society

to increase the productivity of industry. Computers can control the work of power stations, plants and docks. They help in making different decisions and in management of economy.

2. Computers find application in astronomy and upper atmosphere research. Weather forecasting, library information services can benefit from computers too.

It should be noticed that learning on a computer can be fun. Students spend more time with computer-aided instruction performing the assigned task, as compared with conventional classroom.

At last air traffic control is impossible without computer application. It fully depends upon computer-generated information.

Many other uses of computers that we cannot imagine at present will become commonplace in the transition from an industrial to post industrial, or information society.

to maintain records — вести учет

deposits and withdrawal — вклады и изъятие (выемка)

guidance — наведение (на цель); управление; руководство

Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 18

on-board environment — бортовое окружение pattern recognition — распознавание образов

1. Выберите вариант, который лучше всего выражает глав
ную идею текста 2.

a) Computers are devices that accept information in the form of instructions.

в) The switches are usualy in one of two states: magnetized or demagnetized.

c) Computers are remarkable devices serving for processing and storage the information and for solving problems.

2. Вставьте необходимые слова вместо пропусков.

1. Information is given into the computer in the form of

a) ideas; b) characters; c) rules

2. The basic function of a computer is information.

a) to switch; b) to keep; c) to process

3. The data needed for solving problems are kept in the

a) memory; b) input device; c) output device

4. Inputting information into the computer is realized by
means of .

a) a printer; b) letters; c) diskettes

5. A computer can carry out arithmetic-logical operations

a) quickly; b) instantaneously; c) during some minutes

6. Computers have become in homes, offices, research

a) commonwealth; b) commonplace; c) common room

7. Space uses computers widely.

a) information; b) production; c) exploration

8. Computers are used for image .

a) processing; b) operating; c) producing

9. Computers help in of economy.

a) invironment; b) management; c) government.

19 Unit 1. Information-Dependent Society

10. Air traffic control depends on computer- informa
tion.
a) generated; b) instructed; c) combined

3. Подберите к терминам, данным в левой колонке, определения, представленные справа.

1 . Computer a) a machine by which information is re-

ceived from the computer;

2. Data b) a device capable of storing and manip-

ulating numbers, letters and characters;

3. Input device c) an electronic machine that processes

data under the control of a stored program;

4. Memory d) a disk drive reading the information

into the computer;

5. Output device e) information given in the form of char-

DEVELOPMENT OF MICROELECTRONICS

1. Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 1.

applied physics — прикладная физика

generation [d33na’reijn] — создание, формирование, выработка

scientific research [saisn’tifik n’satj] — научные исследования

due to the efforts [‘dju: ta дэ ‘efsts] — благодаря усилиям

manipulation [msenipju’leijn] — управление; обработка;

to replace vacuum tubes — заменять электронные лампы a piece of semiconductor [‘semiksn’dAkts] — полупроводниковый кристалл

reduced weight [ri’dju:st ‘weit] — уменьшенный вес power consumption [‘раиэ kan’sAmpJn] — потребление

to carry out [‘keen aut] — выполнять; осуществлять solid body — твердое тело; кристалл; полупроводник to respond [n’spond] — отвечать; реагировать at a rate — со скоростью integrated circuit (1С) [mts’greitid ‘sakit] — интегральная

batch processing [‘bsetf prou’sesirj] — пакетная обработка to assemble [s’sembl] — собирать; монтировать

to lower manufacturing [Чоиэ manju’fasktfanr)] — снизить производительность

to increase reliability [‘mkris nlais’bihti] — увеличить надежность

21 Unit 2. Development of Microelectronics

2. Прочтите текст и скажите, что изучает электроника и какие открытия способствовали ее развитию.

Text 1. DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONICS

Electronics is a field of engineering and applied physics dealing with the design and application of electronic circuits. The operation of circuits depends on the flow of electrons for generation, transmission, reception and storage of information.

Today it is difficult to imagine our life without electronics. It surrounds us everywhere. Electronic devices ajre. widely used in scientific research and industrial designing, they control the work of plants and power stations, calculate the trajectories of space-ships and help the people discover new phenomena of nature. Automatization of production processes and studies on living organisms became possible due to electronics.

The invention of vacuum tubes at the beginning of the 20 th century was , the starting point of the rapid growth of modern electronics. Vacuum tubes assisted in manipulation of signals. The development of a large variety of tubes designed for specialized functions made possible the progress in radio communication technology before the World Vfar II and in the creation of early computers during and shortly after the war.

The transistor invented by American scientists WShockly, J.Bardeen and WBrattain in 1948 completely replaced the vac-

Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 22

uum tube. The transistor, a small piece of a semiconductor with three electrodes, had great advantages over the best vacuum tubes. It provided the same functions as the vacuum tube but at reduced weight, cost, power consumption, and with high reliability. With the invention of the transistor all essential circuit functions could be carried out inside solid bodies. The aim of creating electronic circuits with entirely solid-state components had finally been realized. Early transistors could respond at a rate of a few million times a second. This was fast enough to serve in radio circuits, but far below the speed needed for highspeed computers or for microwave communication systems.

The progress in semiconductor technology led to the development of the integrated circuit (1С), which was discovered due to the efforts of John Kilby in 1958. There appeared a new field of science — integrated electronics. The essence of it is batch processing. Instead of making, testing and assembling descrete components on a chip one at a time, large groupings of these components together with their interconnections were made all at a time. 1С greatly reduced the size of devices, lowered manufacturing costs and at the same time they provided high speed and increased reliability.

3. Просмотрите текст еще раз. Ответьте на вопросы, ис
пользуя информацию текста.

1. What is electronics? 2, Can you imagine modern life without electronics? 3. Where are electronic devices used? 4. What was the beginning of electronics development? 5. What made the progress in radio communication technology possible? 6. What is the transistor? 7. When w?s the transistor invented?

What aim was realized with the invention of the transistor?

When were integrated circuits discovered? 10. What advan
tages did the transistors have over the vacuum tubes?

4. Догадайтесь о значении следующих интернациональных

слов и словосочетаний:

Electronics; electrons; physics; information; microelectronics; industrial design; to calculate trajectories; phenomena of nature; automatization of production processes; organisms; vacuum tubes; specialized functions; progress in radio communication technology; transistor; electrode; components; to real-

23 Unit 2. Development of Microelectronics

ize; communication system; technology; descrete components; chip.

5. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих
словосочетаний:

Прикладная физика; передача и прием информации; поток электронов; трудно представить; научные исследования; промышленное проектирование; вычислять траекторию космических кораблей; обнаруживать явления природы; благодаря электронике; отправная точка; способствовать управлению сигналами; быстрый рост; разнообразие ламп; создание первых компьютеров; полностью заменил; полупроводниковый кристалл; уменьшить вес; сократить стоимость; потребление электроэнергии; высокая надежность; твердотельные компоненты; довольно быстро. но гораздо ниже; высокоскоростной компьютер; микроволновые системы связи; полупроводниковая технология; область науки; интегральная схема; пакетная обработка; сборка дискретных компонентов на кристалле; снизить производственные затраты; обеспечить высокую скорость.

6. Переведите следующие «цепочки существительных».
Запомните, что переводить ряд существительных, не
связанных предлогами, следует, как правило, с конца.

Power consumption; power consumption change; signals manipulation; transistor invention; circuit functions; communication systems, data processing system; integrated circuits development; science field; process control; automatization processes control; circuit components; size reduction; electronics development; communication means; problem solution; space exploration; pattern recognition; customers accounts; air traffic control.

7. Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 2.

performance [ps’focrnans] — рабочая характеристика; параметры; производительность; быстродействие

to predict [pra’dikt] — прогнозировать capability [keips’bihti] — способность; возможность branch of science [‘braintf sv ‘saisns] — область науки to embrace [imijreis] — охватывать

Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 24

circuit assembly [‘sakit s’sembh] — сборка схемы

film technique [‘film tgk’mk] — пленочная технология

(метод, способ) invisible to unaided eye — невидимый невооруженному

to react [n’askt] — реагировать

speed of response — скорость реакции (отклика)

advantage / disadvantage [3d’va:ntid3] — достоинство, преимущество / недостаток

benefit [‘benefit] — выгода, польза; помогать, приносить пользу

to result from [п’глИ fram] — возникать, происходить в результате

packing density [‘psekirj ‘densiti]— плотность упаковки

small-scale integrated circuit — малая интегральная схема (МИС)

medium-scale 1С — средняя интегральная схема (СИС) large-scale 1С — большая интегральная схема (БИС)

very-large-scale 1С — сверхбольшая интегральная схема (СБИС)

fineline [‘fainlam] — прецизионный; с элементами уменьшенных размеров

transmission line — линия передачи

waveguide [‘weivgaid] — волновод

to emerge [i’mad3] — появляться, возникать

to displace — перемещать, смещать

mode — вид, метод, способ; режим работы

pattern — шаблон, образец; образ, изображение

power [‘раиэ] — мощность, энергия, питание; производительность, быстродействие; способность, возможность

25 Unit 2. Development of Microelectronics

8. Прочтите текст 2 и скажите, как вы понимаете термины «микроэлектроника» и «микроминиатюризация». Переведите текст.

Text 2. MICROELECTRONICS AND MICROMINIATURIZATION

The intensive effort of electronics to increase the reliability and performance of its products while reducing their size and cost led to the results that hardly anyone could predict. The evolution of electronic technology js sometimes called a revolution: a quantitative change in technology gave rise to qualitative change in human capabilities. There appeared a new branch of science — microelectronics.

Microelectronics embraces electronics connected with the realization of electronic circuits, systems and subsystems from very small electronic devices. NJicxaelfifitrQnics jaLa-name ft* extremely small electronic components and circuit assemblies, made by film or semiconductor techniques. A microelectronic technology reduced transistors and other circuit elements to dimensions almost invisible to unaided eye. The point of this extraordinary miniaturization is to make circuits long-lasting, low in cost, and capable of performing electronic functions at extremely high speed. It is_ known that the speed of response depends on the size of transistor: the smaller the transistor, the faster it is. The smaller the computer, the faster it can work.

One more advantage of microelectronics is that smaller devices consume less power. In space satellites and spaceships this is a very important factor.

Another benefit resulting from microelectronics is the reduction of distances between circuit components. Packing density increased with the appearance of small-scale integrated circuit, medium-scale 1С, large-scale 1С and very-large-scale 1С. The change in scale was pieasured_ by the number of transistors on a chip. There appeared a new type of integrated circuits, microwave integrated circuit. The evolution of microwave 1С began with the development of planar transmission lines.Then new 1С components in a fineline transmission line appeared. Other more exotic techniques, such as dielectric waveguide integrated circuits emerged.

Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 26

Microelectronic technique is continuing to displace other modes. Circuit patterns are being formed with radiation having wavelength shorter than those of light.

Electronics has extended man’s intellectual power. Microelectronics extends that power still further.

9. Просмотрите текст еще раз и ответьте на вопросы, ис
пользуя информацию текста.

1. What would you say about electronics? 2. Why is the development of electronics called a revolution? 3. What is microelectronics? 4. What techniques does microelectronics use?

What is the benefit of reducing the size of circuit elements?

What do you understand by the term of microminiaturiza
tion? 7. What does the speed of the signal response depend on?
8. What advantages of microelectronics do you know? 9. What
scales of integration are known to you? 10. How are microelec
tronics techniques developing?

10. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих
словосочетаний:

Интенсивные усилия; увеличить надежность; увеличить параметры; уменьшить размер и стоимость; вряд ли кто-нибудь мог прогнозировать; количественные и качественные изменения; область науки; пленочная технология; полупроводниковый метод; сокращать элементы схемы; суть миниатюризации в том, что; создать схемы с долгим сроком службы; чрезвычайно высокая скорость реакции; чем меньше, тем быстрее; преимущество; расходовать энергию; польза; уменьшение расстояния между элементами схемы; большая интегральная схема; микроволновая интегральная схема; волновод; линия передач; смещать; изображение схем; расширять возможности человека.

11. Переведите следующие слова. Обратите внимание на
то, что префиксы dis -, in -, un — y поп-, *г- придают сло
вам отрицательное значение.

dis -: disadvantage; disconnect; disappear, disclose; discomfort; discontinue; discount; discredit; discriminate; disintegrate.

in -: invisible; inaccurate; inactive; incapable; incompact; insignificant; inhuman; informal; ineffective; indifferent; indecisive; inconsumable; incorrect.

27 Unit 2. Development of Microelectronics

ил-; uncontrollable; unbelievable; unable; unchanged; uncomfortable; uncommunicative; undisciplined; unexpected; unfavourable; unforgettable; unkind.

поп -: non-effective; non-aggressive; noncomparable; non-computable; nonconstant; noncontrollable; nondigital; nondi-mensional; nonprogrammable; nonusable.

//•-; irregular; irrelative; irresponsive; irrational; irreplaceable; irrecognizable.

12. Вспомните образование страдательного залога — to be
(в нужном времени) + 3-я форма глагола.

А. Найдите пять случаев употребления страдательного залога в тексте 1 и четыре случая — в тексте 2. Переведи- те предложения.

Б. Преобразуйте следующие предложения действительно го залога в страдательный по образцу:

People widely use electronic devices — Electronic devices are widely used by people.

1. Electronic devices control the work of power stations. 2. They calculate the trajectories of spaceships. 3. People discover new phenomena of nature due to electronic devices.

Scientists designed a variety of tubes for specialized functions.

American scientists invented the transistor in 1948. 6. Inte
grated circuits greatly reduced the size of devices. 7. New types
of integrated circuits increased packing density. 8. Electronics
has extended man’s intellectual power. 9. Scientists are looking
for new ways for the improvement of integrated circuits tech
nology. 10. Jack Kilby developed the concept of integrating de
vice and built the first 1С in 1958.

13. Прочтите текст (по вариантам) и озаглавьте его. Вы
полните письменный перевод текста по вариантам.

1. It is well known that the quick development of electronics began with the invention of transistors. They replaced electronic tubes due to their numerous advantages. One of the main advantages of the transistors in comparison with the vacuum tube is absence of filament power loss. One of the principal caus-

Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 28

es of damages in electronic circuitry is high temperature. The heat causes breakdown of tubes and other circuit elements that are very sensitive to this influence. The transistor, on the other hand, does not heat its surroundings.

Another advantage of the transistor is its long life. The life of the average transistor is more than ten thousand operating hours. Because of its long lifetime and raggedness, the transistor is very reliable and has much better efficiency in professional equipment.

2. As we know, transistors replaced electronic tubes due to their numerous advantages. One of the advantages of the transistor is its small dimensions. Because of their small size, the absence of heating and other properties, transistors make it possible to produce compact, small-dimensioned electronic devices which consume very little power.

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Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты

Интенсивные усилия; увеличить надежность;

увеличить параметры; уменьшить размер и стоимость;

вряд ли кто-нибудь мог прогнозировать; количественные и

качественные изменения; отрасль науки; пленочная технология;

полупроводниковый метод, сокращать элементы

схемы; суть миниатюризации в том, что; создать схемы

с долгим сроком службы; чрезвычайно высокая

скорость реакции; чем меньше, тем быстрее; пользу;

тратить энергию; пользу; уменьшение расстояния между элементами схемы; большая интегральная схема;

микроволновая интегральная схема; волновод; линия

передач; смещать; изображение схем; расширять

The intensive effort of electronics to increase the

reliability and performance of its products while reducing

their size and cost led to the results that hardly anyone

could predict. The evolution of electronic technology js

sometimes called a revolution: a quantitative change in

technology gave rise to qualitative change in human

capabilities. There appeared a new branch of science —

Microelectronics embraces electronics connected with

the realization of electronic circuits, systems and

subsystems from very small electronic devices.

Microelectronics is a name for extremely small

electronic components and circuit assemblies, made by

film or semiconductor techniques. A microelectronic

technology reduced transistors and other circuit elements

to dimensions almost invisible to unaided eye.The point

of this extraordinary miniaturization is to make circuits

long — lasting, low in cost, and capable of performing

electronic functions at extremely high speed. It is known

that the speed of response depends on the size of

transistor: the smaller the transistor, the faster it is. The

smaller the computer, the faster it can work.

One more advantage of microelectronics is that smaller de

— vices consume less power. In space satellites and

spaceships this is a very important factor.

Another benefit resulting from microelectronics is the

reduction of distances between circuit components.

Packing density increased with the appearance of small —

scale integrated circuit, medium — scale IС, large — scale IС

and very — large — scale IС. The change in scale was

measured_by the number of transistors on a chip. There

appeared a new type of integrated circuits, microwave integrated circuit. The evolution of microwave IС began

with the development of planar transmission lines. Then

new IС components in a fineline transmission line

appeared. Other more exotic techniques, such as dielectric

waveguide integrated circuits emerged.

Microelectronic technique is continuing to displace

other modes. Circuit patterns are being formed with

radiation having wavelength shorter than those of light.

Electronics has extended man’s intellectual power.

Microelectronics extends that power still further.(Перевод слов не подойдет)

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