Подобрать английские эквиваленты к следующим словосочетаниям

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английские эквиваленты следующим словосочетаниям:

Дайте английские эквиваленты следующим словосочетаниям:
1) можешь пойти, куда пожелаешь;
2) проветривать комнату;
3) поздний завтрак;
4) яичница-глазунья;
5) разговор (беседа) по душам;
6) испытывать недостаток времени.

You may go wherever you want
To air a room
Late breakfast
Fried eggs
A heart-to-heart talk
To have little time/ To have a lack of time/ to lack for time

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Подобрать английские эквиваленты к следующим словосочетаниям

Ответ:

1. It will be a wonderful journey.

2. Food quality is excellent.

3. Just look at the tomatoes ,so ripe and fragrant.

4 . You can always buy fresh greens there,such as parsley and coriander.

5. Plenty of silver-tinted fish makes market attractive.

6. Don’t miss delicious green and purple fig.

7. You can find octopus,squids and cuttle-fish there.

8. Moving towards meat rows you will see a large amount of red carcasses.

9. You can easily see the difference in scent.

10. Before smoking sausages are soaked in wine.

11. It’s time to leave the market.

12. Before leaving, let’s go to the bake cart.

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Задания для контрольных работ студентам заочного отделения по дисциплине «ОГСЭ. 03 Иностранный язык»

Министерство общего и профессионального образования

государственное бюджетное профессиональное образовательное учреждение Ростовской области

«Новошахтинский технологический техникум»

Сборник текстов на английском языке для самостоятельного чтения

Данное учебно-методическое пособие представляет собой сборник текстов с заданиями для лиц, имеющих базовый уровень знаний, и предназначено для организации образовательного процесса, основанного на принципе самостоятельного обучения студента. Его можно рассматривать как своеобразный «самоучитель» для тех, кто хочет научиться читать по-английски с глубоким пониманием прочитанного.

Тексты, включенные в данное пособие, сопровождаются системой упражнений с подробными заданиями-инструкциями, целью которых является снятие трудностей лексического и грамматического характера. Кроме того, они сопровождаются примечаниями, в которых комментируются трудные для понимания места в тексте. Для повышения эффективности работы к текстам прилагается словарь.

При условии внимательного анализа и точного следования образцам и инструкциям студенты могут быть уверены в успехе.

Эффективность работы по данному пособию может быть обеспечена сочетанием самостоятельной работы студента с периодическим контролем со стороны преподавателя.

1. В начале студент читает текст, стараясь понять его содержа ние в общих чертах. В помощь даются список слов ( Vocabulary ) и примечание к тексту.

2. Затем следует переходить к разделу Exercises .

В ходе выполнения упражнений студенту, возможно, придется обратиться к грамматическому справочнику и повторить нужный для данного текста раздел, а также поработать со словарем. Цель этих заданий – помочь усвоить языковой материал, необходимый для понимания содержания данного текста.

Следует отметить, что задания для снятия грамматических трудностей включают явления, наиболее характерные для письменных форм коммуникации (страдательный залог, инфинитивные и причастные конструкции, цепочки существительных и т.д.).

Задания в разделе Е xercises предусматривают неоднократное обращение студента к тексту, что способствует лучшему пониманию прочитанного. Для повышения эффективности работы все упражнения следует выполнять письменно в рабочей тетради. И только выполнив все задания и убедившись в том, что текст тщательно проанализирован, студент может переходить к следующему разделу – Test .

Цель теста – проверка понимания прочитанного. Тест выполняется письменно в указанной последовательности в строгом соответствии с заданием.

Для краткости предлагается система условных буквенно-цифровых обозначений. К примеру: а-1, 1-2, I -Т и т.д. И только после завершения этой работы студент может проверить правильность выполнения теста по ключам. В случае ошибок необходимо еще раз вернуться к тексту и выявить причину ошибки самостоятельно или обратиться за консультацией к преподавателю .

Цель этого сборника – тренировка и закрепление изученного языкового материала и развитие навыка чтение без словоря научно-популярных текстов с пониманием общего содержания и последующим изложением его на руском языке.

INFORMATION FOR STUDY.

Прочитайте текст “ Magic Waves in Your Room “, переведите его устно, пользуясь словарём ( см. Vocabulary )

MAGIC WAVES IN YOUR ROOM

1. In the room where you live there are hundreds of strange, invisible complicated magic waves, all different from one another 1 .

2. They come into your house through the walls, ceilings and floors and they are there now.

3. Some of these magic waves are striking this book, passing through it, and through you, and through everything else in the room. They are upstairs and downstairs 2 . They travel along with 3 passengers in buses and trains, in ships and airplanes. They are all over the world, surrounding everything and everyone.

4. Yet no one can ever see or hear them or feel them. But we know they are present. All we have to do to prove it 4 is to turn on our radio and television sets. Then we pick them right out of the air 5 and transform them into music and voices that we can hear, and moving pictures that we can see.

5. These magic waves come from everywhere. Turn the knob of your radio just a little, and you may hear children singing in Moscow. Turn a little more and you may hear news from Alma-Ata, or a concert from Kemerovo. Turn the knob of your television set and with the help of these same waves you will see a film or a play from many different towns and cities.

6. All you need to do is to take the set into your room and to turn some little knobs! When you turn the knob of your radio, you release sound waves and you hear a programme. When you turn the knobs of your television set, you release sound and light waves and you can both see and hear programmes.

7. How are these waves brought to your radio or television? There is energy working around us all the time. This energy is in light, heat and sound and it travels in wave. Wave is a single vibration of energy in motion.

8. Light and heat and radio waves are different from sound waves because they do not need anything that we can see or feel through which to travel. Light and heat and radio waves are called electromagnetic waves. And because they are electric they are surrounded by the magnetic fields that electricity always makes around itself.

9. All electric current creates a magnetic force, an area around, that has the same kind of power that a real magnet has. This magnetic area around an electric current is called a magnetic field used to generate more electricity.

Примечания к тексту :

all different from one another — значительно отличаются друг от друга.

upstairs and downstairs — наверху и внизу.

they travel along with… – они путешествуют вместе c…

all we have to do to prove it – всё, что нужно, чтобы доказать

right out of the air – прямо из воздуха

Найдите в тексте производные от следующих слов. Переведите их с учётом части речи.

vision, complicate, differ, round, move, vibrate, strike, pass, thing, child, work, electric.

Найдите в тексте антонимы к следующим словам.

ordinary, die, visible, some, simple, go out, refute, fixed, village, turn off, dark, cold, destroy, double.

Найдите русские эквиваленты ( колонка В ) к английским словам ( колонка А ).

Переведите письменно следующие словосочетания, обращая внимание на подчеркнутые слова. Постарайтесь подобрать наиболее подходящий вариант их перевода.

passing through it

they are present

with the help of these same waves

to release sound waves

to be surrounded by electromagnetic waves

to make around itself

to have the same kind of power

Переведите следующие предложения из текста, учитывая функции глаголов to have и to be .

In the room where you live there are hundreds of invisible waves.

They are upstairs and downstairs.

How are these waves brought to your radio or television?

Wave is a single vibration of energy in motion.

There is energy working around us all the time.

There is energy in light.

All electric current creates a magnetic force, an area around, that has the same kind of power that a real magnet has.

All we have to do to prove it is to turn on our radio and television sets.

Пользуясь словарем, переведите письменно восьмой абзац текста.

Придумайте и запишите два вопроса, ответом на которые может служить абзац 7.

complicated сложный, за п утанный

to come into входить, пр о никать

to pass through проходить сквозь

to refute опровергать

to prove доказывать, подтверждать

to pick out собирать, получать

to turn on включать

to transform преобразовывать

to release освобождать, выпускать

single отдельный, единственный

to be surrounded by быть окруженным

to make создавать, делать

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same такой же, тот же самый

kind сорт, вид, разновидность

electric current электрический ток

to create создавать, творить

Соедините подходящие по смыслу части предложений.

a) because they do not need anything that we can see or feel through which to travel.

2. They are all over the world…

b) through the walls, ceilings and floors and they are there now.

3. Then we pick them right out of

c) is called a magnetic field used to generate more electricity.

4. Light and heat and radio waves are different from sound waves…

d) is a single vibration of energy in motion.

5. This magnetic area around an electric current…

e) transform them into music and voices that we can hear.

f) surrounding everything and everybody.

II . Укажите номер абзаца текста, который содержит информацию для ответа на следующие вопросы.

a ) Что такое волна?

b )Что называют магнитным полем.?

c )Какие волны называются электромагнитными?

III . Прочитайте следующие утверждения и определите, являются ли они согласно тексту: верными (Т), неверными ( F ) или не обсуждаются вообще ( N ).

Radio waves travel about one million times as fast as sound waves.

Electromagnetic waves can’t pass through ceilings, floors or walls.

Wave is a single vibration of energy in motion.

An electric current doesn’t create a magnetic force.

Расположите следующие предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получилось краткое изложение текста “ Magic Waves in Your Room ”

1.Waves are all over the world, surrounding everything and everybody.

2.Light and heat and radio waves are different from sound waves.

3. In the room where you live there are hundreds of waves, different

from one another.

4.All electric current creates a magnetic force.

5.Light and heat and radio waves are called electromagnetic waves.

Напишите краткое изложение текста на русском языке. Проком ментируйте часть текста, которая вам показалась наиболее интересной.

UNIT II

INFORMATION FOR STUDY.

Прочтите текст” Antarctica ”, переведите его устно, пользуясь словарем (см. Vocabulary, раздел Ш).

ANTARCTICA

Antarctica is the bottom of the world, where winds can reach 320 kph and temperatures can plunge below 85°C. It seems lifeless but a closer look reveals an amazing abundance of life. The coastal waters are filled with plankton and fish, and its thick ice is perforated by the breathing holes of seals. Antarctica is home to thousands of penguins and seagull-like birds. The ice itself is permeated with algae and bacteria.

There is another sort of life as well. All around Antarctica the coast is dotted with corrugated-metal buildings, oil-storage tanks and garbage dumps – unmistakable signs of man. Not fewer than 16 nations have established permanent bases on the only continent that belongs to the whole world. They were set up mainly to conduct scientific research but they have become magnets for boatloads of tourists who come to look at the peaks and the penguins. Environmentalists fear that miners and oil drillers may not be far behind. Already the human invaders of Antarctica have created an awful mess in what was recently the world’s cleanest spot. Over the years they spilled oil into the seas, dumped untreated sewage off the coasts, burned garbage in open pits, and let huge piles of discarded machinery slowly rust on the frozen ground.

News of the environmental pollution has unleashed a global wave of concern about Antarctica’s future. How best to protect Antarctica has been a topic of fierce debate all over the world.

Despite the damage done, so far Antarctica is still largely pristine, the only wild continent left on earth. There scientists can study unique ecosystems and climatic disturbances that influence the weather patterns of the entire globe. The research being done on the frozen continent cannot be carried out anywhere else. Therefore many people argue that the continent should be turned into a “world park” in which only scientific research and limited tourism would be permitted.

Примечания к тексту:

kph – kilometers per hour

as well – кроме того

unmistakable signs of man – несомненные признаки присутствия человека

4. boatloads of tourists – огромное количество туристов

so far – до сих пор

despite the damage done – несмотря на причинённый вред

Найдите в тексте слова, имеющие сходные корни с русскими словами. Запомните их значения.

Температура, перфоратор, бактерия, металлический, нация,

кондуктор, туризм, протекция, дебаты, климат, уникальный.

Напишите от каких глаголов образованы следующие

существительные, взятые из текста, и дайте их перевод.

Invader, pollution, drillers, buildings, sewage.

Переведите письменно следующие предложения из текста,

обращая внимание на степени сравнения прилагательных и

Antarctica seems lifeless but a closer look reveals an amazing abundance of life.

Not fewer than 16 nations have established permanent bases on the only wild continent.

The human invaders of Antarctica have created an awful mess in the world’s cleanest spot.

How best to protect Antarctica has been a topic of fierce debate all over the world.

Найдите русские эквиваленты (колонка В) к английским словам и выражениям (колонка А) и запомните их.

2. amazing abundance

3. algae and bacteria

4. oil-storage tanks

5. permanent bases

6. scientific research

8. over the years

9. frozen ground

10. all over the world

защитник окружающей среды

на протяжении многих лет

водоросли и бактерии

емкости для хранения нефти

5. Напишите развернутые ответы на следующие вопросы, исходя из содержания текста.

What does a closer look at Antarctica reveal?

How many nations have established their permanent bases on the continent? What for?

What are the results of the human activity in Antarctica?

What kinds of research can scientists conduct in Antarctica?

Why is it necessary to turn this wild continent into a “world park”?

6. Составьте и запишите два вопроса на английском языке к предложениям третьего абзаца.

seagull — like birds

wave of concern

птицы, подобные чайкам

здания из рифленого металла

емкость для хранения нефти

защитник окружающей среды

неочищенные сточные воды

выброшенная за ненадобностью техника

Соедините подходящие по смыслу части предложений.

Environmentalists fear that miners and oil drillers…

How best to protect Antarctica…

There scientists can study…

Antarctica is home to thousands of…

penguins and seagull –like birds

unique ecosystems and climatic disturbances

with algae and bacteria

may not be far behind

e) has been a topic of fierce debate

all over the world.

Укажите номера абзацев, которые содержат информацию для ответов на вопросы ниже:

Какие исследования проводят ученые в Антарктиде?

Почему Антарктида притягивает к себе огромное количество туристов?

Какие живые существа можно встретить в Антарктиде?

Прочитайте следующие утверждения и определите , являются ли они, согласно тексту, верными (Т), неверными (F) или не обсуждаются совсем (N).

1. There are no seals, penguins and seagull — like birds in Antarctica.

2. Oil-storage tanks and dumps of garbage are unmistakable signs of man.

3. Antarctica is the only continent that belongs to the whole world.

4. Antarctica is the territory of permafrost .

5. There is no need to protect Antarctica because it is the world’s cleanest spot.

Расположите следующие предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получилось краткое изложение содержания текста.

The research being done on the frozen continent cannot be carried out anywhere else.

Antarctica seems lifeless but a closer look reveals an amazing abundance of life.

The human invaders of Antarctica have already created an awful mess on the continent.

The permanent bases of different countries were set up to conduct scientific research.

News of the environmental pollution has unleashed a global wave of concern about Antarctica’s future.

V . Напишите краткое изложение текста на русском языке. Проком ментируйте часть текста, которая вам показалась наиболее интересной.

Прочтите текст «Microsoft: Competition Only with Itself», переведите его устно, пользуясь словарем (см. Vocabulary, раздел III).

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MICROSOFT: COMPETITION ONLY WITH ITSELF

Microsoft is the only large company in the world that has no competitors. Only Microsoft could grasp a giant market violating no laws. But it violated more than USA federal laws – it disturbed USA market traditions. According to these traditions, in every sector of the economy each major company has at least one major firm-competitor. There are Coca-Cola and Pepsi, Ford and General Motors, IBM and Apple. But Microsoft is singular.

Then, each major company gives an opportunity for existence of many smaller firms. For example, Ford doesn’t make alarm systems, garages and radios for its cars. They are made by other smaller companies. But Microsoft itself sells each new version of Windows together with all necessary applications.

So Microsoft is very unpopular in the American business world. Since 1990, scandals about Microsoft have been happening annually. It was already accused of an «anti-competition» agreement with IBM, attempting to monopolize the market of operating systems and their program security, and many other violations of anti-monopoly legislation. Sometimes Microsoft won in these conflicts, and sometimes it was defeated, but really it always remained a monopoly.

The reason of Microsoft’s great success is Bill Gates. His almost supernatural talent to foretell the market’s future is well known. He can guess which product he will be able to sell very profitably some years later, and so makes this product earlier than others.

For example, in 1990 Gates declared his new conception – «information on your fingertips», and foretold the development of the world computer industry in 1990-2000. He said that in the nearest future everyone would have any information within one’s grasp – «on fingertips» – with a computer’s help. Now it has already become a reality – there is almost any information one could want in networks.

In 1995 Gates foretold that ten years later there would be pocket computers, car computers, PC-kiosks, and personal computers that understand the owner’s voice; that information would be accessible everywhere to everybody. A pocket computer will replace everything in a person’s pocket, except a handkerchief: credit card, pager, notebook with modem. If you need a large screen, you can use a PC-kiosk. A pocket computer will be able to connect quickly to a PC-kiosk, or any other computer.

7. At present there already are hand-held PCs. Now they are not as good as Gates promised – but an operation system in them is Windows, they are Internet-ready, and can be connected with common computers. This proves that everything Gates says is possible. As yet his forecasts aren’t completely realized, but he spoke about the year 2005, and then, probably, they will become reality.

Примечания к тексту:

at least one major firm-competitor по крайней мере одну большую

alarm system сигнализация

within one’s grasp в пределах досягаемости

necessary applications необходимые принадлежности

PC персональный компьютер

common computer обычный компьютер

EXERCISES

Найдите в тексте производные от следующих слов. Переведите их с учетом части речи.

compete, exist, agree, develop, place, apply, profit, inform, access, own, violate, real, nature.

2. Найдите в тексте антонимы к следующим словам.

defeat, popular, never, disconnect, fiction, slowly, take, partner, past, bad, buy, big.

3. Найдите русские эквиваленты (колонка В) к английским словам (колонка А):

4. Переведите письменно следующие словосочетания из текста.

Постарайтесь подобрать самый удачный вариант перевода.

the only large company in the world

according to these traditions

to foretell the market’s future

the development of the world computer industry

an Internet-ready computer

a hand-held personal computer

5. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в них прилагательные и наречия. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая особое внимание на степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий.

1) Microsoft makes this product earlier than others.

2) But it violated more than USA federal laws.

3) Each major company gives an opportunity for the existence of many smaller firms.

4) He said that in the nearest future everyone would have any information.

5) Now they are not as good as he promised.

Переведите следующие предложения, обращая особое внимание на видо-временные формы глаголов-сказуемых. Укажите номера предложений, в которых в состав сказуемого входит модальный глагол или его эквивалент.

1) Microsoft is the only large company in the world that has no competitors.

2) A pocket computer will be able to connect quickly to any other computer.

3) Only Microsoft could grasp a giant market violating no laws.

4) They are made by other smaller companies.

5) Now it has already become a reality.

6) He can guess which product he will be able to sell very profitably some years later.

Придумайте и запишите вопрос, ответом на который может служить абзац 3.

Соедините подходящие по смыслу части предложений

a) he spoke about the year 2005, and then , probably they will become reality.

2. But Microsoft itself sells each new version of Windows…

b) it was defeated, but really it always remained a monopoly.

3. Sometimes Microsoft won in these conflicts and sometimes…

c) at least one major firm competitor.

4. This proves that…

d) that has no competitors.

5. As yet his forecasts aren’t completely realized, but…

e) together with all necessary applications.

6. Microsoft is the only large company in the world…

f) everything Gates says is possible.

II . Укажите номер абзаца текста, который содержит информацию для ответа на следующие вопросы :

а) Развитие какой отрасли промышленности предсказал Билл Гейтс на период 1990 – 2000 годов?

b ) Чем отличается «Майкрософт» от других крупных компаний?

c ) Как часто происходили скандалы с «Майкрософт» с 1990 года?

III . Прочитайте следующие утверждения и определите, являются ли они согласно тексту: верными ( T ), неверными ( F ) или не обсуждаются вообще ( N ):

Microsoft’s products are much more expensive than the products of other companies.

Microsoft is the world popular company in the American business world.

The output of Pepsi is greater than that of Coca-Cola.

Each major company gives an opportunity for the existence of many smaller firms.

Microsoft itself sells each new version of Windows together with all necessary applications.

IV . Расположите следующие предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получилось краткое изложение текста « Microsoft : Competition Only with Itself »

So Microsoft is very popular in the American business world.

Microsoft is the only large company that has no competitors.

Since 1990, scandals about Microsoft have been happening annu ally.

This proves that everything Gates says is possible.

A pocket computer will replace everything in a person’s pocket.

V . Напишите краткое изложение текста на русском языке. Проком ментируйте часть текста, которая вам показалась наиболее интересной.

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I INFORMATION FOR STUDY

Прочтите текст “Science and technology ”. Переведите его устно, пользуясь словарем (см. раздел III , Vocabulary )

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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1.In recent years, scientific and technological developments have drastically changed life on our planet as well as our views both of ourselves as individuals in society and of entire Universe as a whole.

2.Today, science and technology are closely related. Many modern technologies such as nuclear power and space flights depend on science and the application of scientific knowledge and principles. Each advance in pure science creates new opportunities for the development of new ways of making things to be used in daily life. In turn, technology provides science with new and more accurate instruments for its investigation and research.

3.Technology refers to the ways in which people use discoveries to satisfy needs and desires, to alter the environment, to improve their lives. Throughout human history, men and women have invented tools, machines, materials and techniques, to make their lives easier.

4.Of course, when we speak of technology today, we are looking at it in a much narrower sense. Generally, we mean industrial technology, or the technology that began about 200 years ago with the development of power-driven machines, growth of the factory system, and mass production of goods that has created the basis for our modern society. Today we often say that we live in an age of science and technology. According to one estimate, 90 % of all the scientists who ever lived, were alive and active in the 1970-s. This increased scientific activity has brought new ideas, processes, and inventions in ever-growing amount.

5.The scientific revolution that began in the 16th century was the first time that science and technology began to work together. Thus, Galileo, who made revolutionary discoveries in astronomy and physics, also built an improved telescope and patented a system of lifting water. However, it was not until the 19th century that technology truly was based on science and inventors began to build on the work of scientists. For example, Thomas Edison built on the early experiments of Faraday and Henry in his invention of the first practical system of electrical lighting. So too, Edison carried on his investigations until he found the carbon filament for the electric bulb in a research laboratory. This was the first true modern technological research.

6.In a sense, the history of science and technology is the history of all humankind.

Примечания к тексту:

both … and – как…, так и

drastically – круто, решительно

in turn – в свою очередь

in a much narrower sense – в более узком смысле

filament – нить накала

Найдите в тексте синонимы к следующим словам. Запишите их.

Up-to-date, progress, possibilities, precise, requirements, to change, to make better, quantity, usually, clean, to apply.

2. Найдите русские эквиваленты к следующим английским словам и запомните их.

3. согласно чему-либо

7. снабжать, обеспечивать

8. развитие, разработка

Составьте из следующих слов законченные предложения, обращая внимание на порядок слов.

1) play, technology, a, our, life, science, part, great, in, daily, and

2) to satisfy, discoveries, use, people, and, desires, needs

3) this, research, first, technological, was, modern, the.

Переведите письменно следующие предложения из текста, обращая внимание на глагол-сказуемое в разных временах.

1)Scientific and technological developments have changed life on the planet.

2) The scientific revolution began in the 16 th century.

3) When we speak of technology today, we are looking at it in a narrow sense.

4. Дайте развернутый ответ на вопросы по тексту (выполняется письменно)

1)Why do many modern technologies depend on science?

2)What is a technology in a narrow sense?

3)Why do we say that we live in the age of science and technology?

5.Пользуясь словарем, переведите письменно 5 абзац текста.

III VOCABULARY

whole – весь, целый

closely – близко, тесно

nuclear – ядерный, атомный

to depend on — зависеть от

advance – продвижение, прогресс

to create – создавать, творить

refer to – относиться к

to invent – изобретать

to discover – открывать, обнаруживать

to improve – улучшать

to satisfy – удовлетворять

throughout – везде, повсюду

to alter – изменять

filament – нить накала

environment – окружающая среда

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IV. TEST

Соедините подходящие по смыслу части предложения

lived and worked in the

2. The history of science and technology…

until he found the filament

for the electric bulb.

3. 90% of all the scientists…

with new instruments for its

investigation and research.

4. Edison carried on his investigations…

on science and the applica-

tion of scientific knowledge.

5. Technology provides science…

e) is the history of all mankind.

Укажите номера абзацев текста, которые содержат информацию для ответа на вопросы ниже:

a ) Почему наука и технология тесно связаны?

b ) Что изобрели люди на протяжении своей истории?

c ) Когда жили и работали большая часть ученых?

d ) К чему привели исследования Эдисона?

Прочитайте следующие утверждения и определите, являются ли они согласно тексту верными ( T ), неверными ( F ) или не обсуждаются вообще ( N ).

Science and technology are not related at all.

The application of the latest achievements in industry demands great knowledge and good polytechnical training.

The scientific revolution began in the 16 th century.

Galileo made revolutionary discoveries in astronomy and physics.

Faraday found the filament for the electric bulb.

Расположите следующие предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получилось краткое изложение содержания текста.

The history of science and technology is the history of all mankind.

Today science and technology are closely related.

Scientific and technological developments have changed life on our planet.

Throughout human history men and women have invented tools, machines, materials and techniques to make their lives easier.

90 % of all the scientists lived and worked in the 1970-s.

V . Напишите краткое изложение текста на русском языке. Проком ментируйте часть текста, которая вам показалась наиболее интересной.

UNIT V

INFORMATION FOR STUDY.

Прочтите текст “ The Olympic Games ”, переведите его устно, пользуясь словарем (см. Vocabulary, раздел Ш).

THE OLYMPIC GAMES

More than two thousand five hundred years ago the first Olympic Games took place at Olympia in Greece. Only men could take part in them. Women were not allowed even to watch the competitions at the stadium under the fear of death penalty.

The Olympic Games took place every four years and the time between each Games was called an Olympiad. The Games had been for about eleven hundred years, until the emperor Theodosius banned them for religious reasons in 394 A.D.

The revival of the Olympic Games began long time afterwards, in 1892, when a young French teacher Pierre de Coubertin made a public speech before the Union of French sports club in Paris. At that time many people in many countries practised various kinds of sports and games. They wanted to make friends and compete with sportsmen from other lands.

The first official modern Olympic Games were organized in Athens,the capital of Greece, in April 1896. Two hundred and eighty five athletes from thirteen countries took part in them. During these Games there were competitions in nine kinds of sports: athletics, swimming, gymnastics, weight lifting, wrestling, tennis, fencing, cycling and shooting.

Winter sports made their Olympic debut in 1908, when ice figure – skating was included in the Olympic programme among summer sports. International Competitions in winter sports often took place in the beginning of the 20 th century, but only in 1925 the International Olympic Committee made the decision to consider the International Winter Sports Week, that had taken place in 1924 in France as the first winter Olympic Games and to hold them since that time on.

At first only men took part in the Games. Later rules were changed many times. Women were allowed to participate in the competitions, many new sports and games were added to the Olympic programme, several sports were stricken off. One thing remains unchanged – the popularity of these festivals of health, youth and beauty. Different cities of the world welcomed sportsmen from many countries. Modern Olympics keep old traditions of equality, honour and justice of the international competitions. They help to bring peoples closer together.

In 1980 the 13 th winter Olympic Games were held in Lake Placid, USA. In summer the Games of the 22 nd Olympiad were held in Moscow. New sports complexes and living quarters were built. Stadiums, cycling tracks, swimming pools and hippodromes were equipped with various modern techniques and devices.

About half a million spectators were present at competitions, millions in our country and abroad watched them on the television. For two weeks the flag with five coloured interweaved rings flew over Moscow and the fire, lit by the sun rays in Olympia, the birthplace of the Olympic Games, was burning above it.

Примечания к тексту:

under the fear of penalty – под страхом наказания

until the emperor Theodosius banned them for religious reasons in 394 A. D. – пока император Феодосий не запретил их по религиозным соображениям в 394 г.н.э.

Pierre de Coubertin – Пьер де Кубертен

to hold them since that time on – проводить их с этого времени постоянно

long time afterwards – спустя много лет

II . EXERCISES

1.Определите значение следующих интернациональных слов из текста.

Olympic, stadium, penalty, religious, public, club, sportsman, gym nastic, tennis, programme, Committee, popularity, festival, modern, tradition, million, television, flag, organize.

2. Подберите английские эквиваленты (колонка А) к русским словам и выражениям (колонка В).

for religious reasons

various kinds of sports

to keep traditions

10.five coloured rings

пять разноцветных колец

зимние виды спорта

по религиозным соображениям

10.различные виды спорта

3.Выпишите из текста все неправильные глаголы и дайте их три формы.

4. Поставьте вопросы к подчеркнутым словам:

The first Olympic Games took place in Greece .

Winter sports made their Olympic debut in 1908 .

Modern Olympic Games keep old traditions of honour and justice of the international competitions.

5.Переведите письменно следующие предложения из текста, обращая внимание на сказуемое в пассивном залоге.

Later rules were changed many times.

Women and girls were allowed to participate in the competitions, many new sports and games were added to the Olympic programme, several sports were stricken off.

New sports complexes and living quarters were built.

Дайте развернутые ответы на вопросы по тексту (выполняется письменно).

When and where were the first official Olympic Games organized?

What kinds of sports did these Games include?

What decision was made by the International Olympic Committee in 1925?

Why does the popularity of the Olympic Games remain unchanged?

What do you know about the winter Olympic Games held in our country?

7. Пользуясь словарем, переведите письменно 3-й абзац текста.

III. VOCABULARY

to make a speech

to make friends

to bring closer

to light (lit, lit)

to burn (burnt, burnt)

IV. TEST

I . Соедините подходящие по смыслу части предложений.

People wanted to make friends and compete…

Modern Olympic Games …

The 13 th winter Olympic Games…

For 2 weeks the fire of the Olympic Games…

was burning above Moscow.

when Pierre de Coubertin made a public speech before sports clubs.

keep traditions of the international competitions

with sportsmen from other lands

were held in Lake Placid, USA

Укажите номера абзацев, которые содержат информацию для ответов на следующие вопросы:

В каких видах спорта состязались участники первых официальных Олимпийских Игр в Афинах?

Где проходили летние Олимпийские Игры 1980 года?

Какие изменения произошли в проведении Олимпийских Игр на протяжении их существования?

Прочтите следующие утверждения и определите, являются ли они согласно тексту верными( T ), неверными( F ) или не обсуждаются вообще( N ).

1. Ice figure-skating was included into Olympic Programme in 1910.

The first Olympic Games took place at Olympia.

Russian athletes took part in the Olympic Games in 1952 for the first time.

The Olympic Games were banned by the emperor Theodosius in 394 A.D.

Millions people in our country and abroad had no chance to watch Olympic Games in Moscow.

Расположите следующие предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получилось краткое изложение текста.

Winter sports made their Olympic debut in 1908.

Many new sports and games were added to the Olympic programme.

Many people in many countries practised various kinds of sports and games and wanted to compete with sportsmen from other countries.

Modern Olympic Games keep old traditions of equality, justice and honour.

The Olympic Games took place every four years and the time between them was called an Olympiad.

Напишите краткое изложение текста на русском языке. Прокомментируйте часть текста, которая вам показалась наиболее интересной.

INFORMATION FOR STUDY.

Прочитайте текст «Languages of the world» , переведите его устно, пользуясь словарем (см. Vocabulary, раздел III ).

LANGUAGES OF THE WORLD

1.Nobody knows what the first language was. But scientists feel sure that nobody speaks it today because all languages change and keep on changing as long as people use them. One language may change in different ways in different places and grow into several languages.

2.If we could meet the people who spoke English five hundred years ago, we probably couldn′t understand much what they said.

3.English itself is a mixture of several languages. Scientists believe that these languages and many others all grew out of the same language which they call Indo-European. Nobody speaks it now. But some of its descendants are Latin, German, English, French, Greek, Russian and many of the different languages spoken in India.

4.Britain and America were once described as nations divided by a common language. Just what is difference between the English spoken in Britain and America?

5.The first English settlers to reach America arrived in Virginia in 1607 and in Massachusetts in 1620. They all spoke English of the early seventeenth century – the language of Shakespeare and Milton. Most of them came originally from the south and south-east of England. Although some of them had spent some years of exile in Holland they spoke with the accents of the southern part of their home country. To a large extent they kept that form of speech, but they soon learned to give old words new uses. They also took words from the local Indian languages for plants and animals that were new to them.

6.Until the Declaration of Independence in 1776 over two-thirds of the settlers in what later became the U.S. came from England. After that date many other people came to make a new life for themselves in the New World. These included Irish, French, Germans, Dutch, Italians, Slavs, and Scandinavians. All these people gave new words to the language of North America. The Negroes who had been taken from Africa as slaves to work on the rice and cotton plantations added words and structures from their own native languages. Some people today think that the very American expression O.K. comes from a similar expression which was brought to America by the Negroes.

7.All these people contributed in various ways to the language which was to become American English. Most civilizations and cultures – in their writings, traditions, folk stories – have traces of the old language.

Примечания к тексту

полностью уверены, что…

2. keep on changing

4. in what later became the U.S.

которые позднее вошли в состав США

1. Найдите в тексте антонимы к следующим словам:

different, last, leave, nobody, north, small, new, give, dependence, few, exclude, therefore.

2. В колонке В найдите русские эквиваленты к английским словам в колонке А .

в большой степени

так же как, а также

to a large extent

3. Найдите в тексте слова, имеющие сходные корни с русскими словами ниже. Запомните их значения в английском языке.

дивиденды, дата, декларировать, микстура, фольклор, культ, коммуна, плантация, ассимиляция, цивильный.

4. Переведите письменно следующие предложения из текста, обращая внимание на сказуемые в пассивном залоге.

1. Britain and America were once described as nations divided by a common language.

2. The Negroes who had been taken from Africa as slaves added words and structures from their own native languages.

3. Some people think that the very expression O.K. comes from a similar expression which was brought to America by the Negroes.

5. Дайте развернутый ответ на вопросы по тексту. (выполняется письменно)

1. Do people in Britain and America speak the same language?

2. What words did the first English settlers take from local Indian languages?

3. What peoples gave new words to the language of North America after 1776?

4. What is English now?

Пользуясь словарем, переведите письменно четвертый абзац текста.

до тех пор, пока (не)

grow (grew, grown)

дорога; путь, способ

I. Соедините подходящие по смыслу части предложений.

a.spoke English of the 17 th

2. One language may change …

b. nobody speaks the first

3. The first settlers …

c. in different ways in

d. have some traces of the

5. Most civilizations and cultures …

e. some of descendants of

Indo-European in use now.

Укажите номера абзацев текста, которые содержат информацию для ответа на вопросы ниже:

а. Каково происхождение английского языка по предположениям ученых?

в. Смогли бы мы понять людей, говоривших на английском языке 500 лет назад?

с. Под влиянием каких языков формировался английский язык, на котором говорит современная Америка?

Прочитайте следующие утверждения и определите, являются ли они согласно тексту верными (Т), неверными ( F ) или не обсуждаются вообще ( N ):

1. English as well as many other languages grew out of the same language.

2. If you met the people who spoke English five hundred years ago, undoubtedly you could understand what they said.

3. Britain and America were once described as nations divided by a common language.

4. The Egyptian king Psammetichos decided to learn which of the world′s languages was the oldest.

IV . Расположите следующие предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получилось краткое изложение текста.

1. Scientists believe that English as well as some other languages all grew out of the same language.

2. American English, for example, differ in various ways from the English language spoken in Britain.

3. But all languages kept on changing as long as people used them.

4. It may be explained by the fact that a number of nations contributed to the language which was to become American English.

5.It is called Indo-European.

V . Напишите краткое изложение текста на русском языке. Проком ментируйте часть текста, которая вам показалась наиболее интересной.

I. INFORMATION FOR STUDY

Прочитайте текст “Atomic power plants”. Переведите его устно, пользуясь словарём (см. раздел III, Vocabulary)

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ATOMIC POWER PLANTS

1. Atomic power plants have become operational in many countries of the world. They could have become an in­exhaustible source of electric power but for the danger they might cause to the environment.

2. To understand why people object to building new atomic power plants it is necessary to get to know the process of converting nuclear energy into electrical one.

3. All nuclear reactors of atomic power plants work by splitting uranium atoms and releasing energy in the form of heat. The heat is then used to boil water and pro­duce steam which is directed onto turbine blades to drive the turbines and electric generators.

4 . The dangerous part of the process is the release of heat as a result of nuclear fission. The amount of heat is so great that unless the reactor is cooled properly by constantly circulating water, the fuel rods in the active reactor zone can melt into uncontrollable mass capable of destroying the reactor wall and releasing deadly ra­dioactivity.

5. And despite the fact that the reactors are equipped with multiple sets of water pipes and reserve cooling systems various faults occur which endanger the entire system.

6. A number of accidents in the course of decades of atomic power plants operation, the most disastrous be­ing the Chernobyl catastrophe, required special measures to make them safer and that, no doubt, will make elec­tricity more expensive.

7 Today designers have found ways to build reactors that are much safer than those now in operation. Instead of one huge reactor with many uranium rods they pro­pose to construct a series of four small-scale separate reactors that use fuel in such small quantities that it can’t melt down under any circumstances. And the fuel itself will be introduced into the reactors in the form of comparatively small grains encapsulated in ceramic spheres that can withstand temperatures as high as 1820’C. (The reactor fuel in this case will never reach temperature higher than 1650’C.)

Radioactive waste remains deadly for life during many centuries, contaminating soil and water and causing se­vere damage to the environment. Unfortunately the prob­lem of waste disposal has not been solved anywhere in the world.

Примечания к тексту :

1. to become operational = to work

2. inexhaustible –неистощимый, неисчерпаемый

3. to object to –возражать

4. no doubt –несомненно

5. to encapsulate –заключать

6. under any circumstances –при любых обстоятельствах

7. unfortunately –к сожалению

Найдите в тексте антонимы к следующим словам:

Safe, to build, to neat, similar, alive, limited, to agree, temporarily, passive, cheap, to lose, small, fortunate ly.

Найдите русские эквиваленты к следующим английским словам и запомните их:

power plant 1. атомный распад

to convert 2. быть оборудованным

to split 3. атомная электростанция

nuclear fission 4. сравнительно

despite 5. расщеплять

to be equipped with 6. несмотря на

comparatively 7. радиоактивные отходы

to withstand 8. окружающая среда

environment 9. выдерживать

10. radioactive waste 10. превращать

3. Найдите в тексте слова, имеющие сходные корни с русскими словами. Запомните их значение.

Электрический, конверсия, энергия, продукт, директор, турбина,генератор, процесс, результат, циркулировать, реактор, капсула, система, керамика, контроль.

4. Переведите письменно следующие предложения из текста, обращая внимание на сказуемое в пассивном залоге.

1. The heat is used to boil water.

2. The reactor is cooled properly by constantly circulating water.

3. The fuel will be introduced into the reactors in the form of small grains.

4. The problem of waste disposal has not been solved anywhere in the world.

5.Дайте развернутый ответ на вопросы по тексту ( выполняется письменно):

1. Why do people object to building new atomic power plants?

2. What is the most dangerous part of the process and why?

3. What are the ways of building much safer reactors?

4. Has the problem of waste disposal been solved anywhere in the world?

6. Пользуясь словарём, переведите письменно седьмой абзац текста

to object to –возражать

to convert –превращать

to split –расщеплять

to release –освобождать

to drive (drove, driven) –приводить в движение

to cool –охлаждать

to melt –плавить, таять

to destroy –разрушать

despite –несмотря на

to propose –предлагать

to contaminate –загрязнять

environment – окружающая среда

to endanger –угрожать, подвергать опасности

I . Соедините подходящие по смыслу части предложения.

a) splitting uranium atoms and releasing energy in the form of heat.

2. The steam is directed onto turbine blades…

b) and cause severe damage to the

3. Atomic power plants work by …

c) to build much safer reactors than

those now in operation.

4. Today designers have found ways …

d) to drive the turbines and electric

5. Radioactive waste contaminate soil and water..

e) the process of converting nu-

clear energy into electrical one.

II . Укажите номера абзацев текста, которые содержат информацию для ответа на вопросы ниже.

a )Как работают атомные реакторы и электростанции ?

b )Какая часть процесса является самой опасной и почему ?

c )Какие способы нашли конструкторы, чтобы обезопасить реактор?

d )Какую опасность несут реактивные отходы?

III . Прочтите следующие утверждения и определите, какое из них не соответствует содержанию текста. Предложен ия переведите.

Atomic power plants have been used in many countries of the world.

Many people object to building new atomic power plants.

Radioactive waste is safe for life and the environment.

Special measures are reguired to make atomic power plants safer.

IV . Расположите следующие предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получилось краткое изложение содержания текста.

Special measures are required to make atomic power stations much safer.

Radioactive waste contaminates the environment and remains a serious problem in many countries.

Today designers have found effective ways to build much safer reactors.

Atomic power stations have become an inexhaustible source of electric power.

The dangerous part of the process is the release of heat as a result of nuclear fission.

V . Напишите краткое изложение текста на русском языке. Проком ментируйте часть текста, которая вам показалась наиболее интересной.

INFORMATION FOR STUDY .

Прочитайте текст “ You can ′ t live without it ”, переведите его устно, пользуясь словарем (см. Vocabulary, раздел III)

YOU CAN′T LIVE WITHOUT IT

1.It is in our bodies. It is in living things around us. It is used in some church services and in social customs. We have superstitions and sayings about it. It has thousands of uses in the world today. One of these is to flavour the egg you have for breakfast. Can you guess what it is? Common table salt.

2.Salt is necessary for the life and health of people, plants and animals. Blood, sweat and tears are all salt. Body cells must have just the right amount of salt to function properly. Too much salt can be dangerous for your heart and blood vessels. But if you work or play hard enough to respire heavily, you must replace the salt lost from your system or you could suffer from heat exhaustion.

3.Salt is made up of two elements, sodium and chlorine, its chemical name is “sodium chloride”. Ordinarily these two work together in proper balance in the body.

4.Today we take salt for granted, but many years ago salt was scarce, it was used as money. African traders exchanged it for twice its weight in gold. The soldiers in Julius Caesar’s army received common salt, called solarium, as part of their pay. From this came the word salary .

5.From the earliest times, salt has been a symbol of lasting friendship and honor. When the Arabs say, “There is salt between us,” they mean, “We have eaten together and are friends.”

6.When salt was scarce, it was considered bad luck to spill any of it. Many people still believe this. To prevent bad luck, they say, you must take a pinch of the spilled salt between the thumb and first finger of your right hand and throw it over left shoulder.

7.Today, almost 40 000 000 tons of salt are produced in the United States alone, taken from mines, wells, and the sea. Some salt deposits are thousands of years. In Poland, 900 feet underground, miners have cut out whole rooms and have carved statues out of pure salt crystals. In another old mine in Columbia, 345 feet down, there is an excavation large enough to hold 10 000 people.

8.Only a small amount of all the salt produced seasons our food. The rest of it is used in other ways – to preserve food, to cool refrigerated railroad cars, to cure animal hides, to melt winter snow and ice. Chemical compounds made from table salt are also used in manufactured things like glass, soap, paper, and rayon, in heat-treating, smelting, and refining metals, and in water-softening. Common table salt is necessary in many ways we take for granted – our very lives depend upon it.

Примечания к тексту

1. work hard enough to perspire heavily.

работать до обильного пота

2. take for granted

считать само собой разумеющимся

3. for twice its weight in gold

на золото, превышающее ее вес в два раза

искусственный шелк, вискоза

6. to cure animal hides

обрабатывать шкуры животных

1. Найдите в тексте производные от следующих слов, переведите их, обращая внимание на суффиксы и приставки.

salt, proper, danger, heavy, exhaust, ordinary, friend, excavate, ground, soft, mine

2. Найдите в тексте синонимы к следующим словам, запомните их значения.

application, usual, essential, common rule, quality, proper, substitute, constitute, deficient, merchant, get, think

3. Переведите следующие словосочетания, составленные по схеме сущ. + сущ., где первое слово выполняет роль определения ко второму. Например: heat exhaustion — потери тепла; тепловые потери.

church service, table salt, body cells, blood vessels, salt deposits, salt crystals, railroad car, salt needs, winter snow

4. Переведите следующие словосочетания из текста, в которых определением является причастие I или причастие II. Пример : using — использу ющий ; used — использу емый .

living things, the salt lost from your system, spilled salt, lasting friendship, salt taken from mines, all the salt produced , refrigerated railroad cars, chemicals made from table salt

Переведите письменно следующие предложения из текста, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

One of the salt uses today is to flavour the egg you have for breakfast.

Body cells must have just the right amount of salt to function properly.

If you work hard enough to perspire heavily, you must replace the salt lost from your system.

When salt was scarce, it was considered bad luck to spill any of it.

To prevent bad luck you must take a pinch of spilled salt and throw it over your left shoulder.

Письменно ответьте на вопросы по содержанию текста.

Why must body cells have just the right amount of salt?

Can too little salt be dangerous for our body? Why?

What is the chemical name of common table salt? Why is it called so?

When and why was salt used as money?

Where is salt taken from nowadays?

What are the ways of using salt in the modern world?

7. Письменно со словарем переведите седьмой абзац текста.

истощение; потеря (сил)

скудный, недостаточный (о количестве)

выемка (в грунте)

значить; иметь ввиду

spill (spilt, spilled)

I . Соедините части предложений по смыслу.

a) work together in the body.

2. You must replace the salt lost from your system…

b) it was considered bad luck to

spill any of it.

3. These two elements…

c) is necessary for the life and

health of people, plants and

4. When salt was scarce …

d) to hold ten thousand people.

5. There is an excavation in an old salt mine…

e) not to suffer from heat exhaustion.

II. Найдите в тексте абзацы, где содержится информация о:

а) химическом составе соли;

в) происхождении слова “ salary ” (жалованье)

с) соляной пещере искусственного происхождения в Польше

Прочитайте следующие утверждения и определите, являются ли они согласно тексту верными (Т), неверными ( F ) или не обсуждаются вообще ( N ).

1.Wild animals replace the salt in their systems by licking natural salt deposits.

2. Salt is made of three elements.

3.Today we take salt for granted, but many years ago salt was scarce.

4.Most of all the salt produced seasons our food.

Расположите следующие предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получилось краткое изложение текста “ You can ′ t live without it ”

1. At the same time we have many superstitions and sayings about it.

2. In the modern world salt has thousands of uses, our very lives depend upon it.

3. Many people still believe them.

4. We take salt for granted today.

5. It is due to salt′s role in the earliest times.

6.Then it was scarce and cost more than gold.

V . Напишите краткое изложение текста на русском языке. Проком ментируйте часть текста, которая вам показалась наиболее интересной.

UNIT IX

I.INFORMATION FOR STUDY.

Прочтите текст “ Alfred Nobel – Man of Contrasts ”, переведите его устно, пользуясь словарем (см. Vocabulary, раздел Ш).

ALFRED NOBEL – MAN OF CO N TRASTS

Alfred Nobel, the great Swedish inventor and industrialist, was a man of many contrasts. He was the son of a bankrupt, but became a millionaire, a scientist with a love of literature, an industrialist who managed to remain an idealist. He made a fortune but lived a simple life, and although cheerful in company he was often sad in private. A lover of mankind, he never had a wife or family to love him; a patriotic son of his native land, he died alone on foreign soil. He invented a new explosive, dynamite, to improve the peaceful industries of mining and road building, but saw it used as a weapon of war to kill and injure his fellow men. World-famous for his works he was never personally well-known because throughout his life he avoided publicity.

Alfred Nobel was born in Stockholm on October 21, 1833 but moved to Russia with his parents in 1842, where his father, Emmanuel, made a strong position for himself in the engineering industry. But soon he went bankrupt and returned to Sweden where Alfred began his study of explosives in his father’s laboratory. He had never been to school or University but had studied privately and by the time he was twenty he was a skilful chemist and excellent linguist, speaking Swedish, Russian, German, French and English. Like his father, Alfred was imaginative and inventive, but he had better luck in business and showed more financial sense. He was quick to see industrial openings for his scientific inventions and built up over 80 companies in 20 different countries. Indeed his greatness lay in his outstanding ability to combine the qualities of an original scientist with those of a forward-looking industrialist.

But Nobel’s main concern was never with making money or even with making scientific discoveries. Seldom happy, he was always searching for a meaning to life, and from his youth had taken a serious interest in literature and philosophy. Perhaps because he could not find ordinary human love – he never married – he came to care deeply about the whole of mankind. He was always generous to the poor. His greatest wish was to see an end of wars, and thus peace between nations, and he spent much time and money working for this cause until his death in Italy in 1896. His famous will, in which he left money to provide prizes for outstanding works in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology, Medicine, Literature and Peace, is a memorial to his interests and ideals.

Примечания к тексту:

managed to remain – ухитрился остаться

he made a fortune – он разбогател

in private – наедине, в домашней обстановке

showed more financial sense – проявил способности в управлении финансами

he had better luck in business – преуспел в бизнесе

like his father – как и его отец

Найдите в тексте антонимы к следующим словам:

sad, common, always, old, peace, unknown, weak, slow, equal, often,

2. Подберите к английским словам и выражениям (колонка А) русские эквиваленты (колонка В) и запомните их.

to avoid publicity

to make a strong position

to have luck in business

10. to make money

занять прочное положение

преуспеть в бизнесе

10. избегать публичности

3. Определите по суффиксу, какими частями речи являются следующие слова из текста и подберите русские эквиваленты:

scientist, cheerful, private, patriotic, native, peaceful, industry, famous, personally, publicity, chemist, imaginative, business, quality, serious, original, ordinary, generous.

Переведите письменно следующие предложения из текста на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива:

Alfred Nobel was an industrialist who managed to remain an idealist.

He invented dynamite to improve the peaceful industries of mining and road building.

He has an outstanding ability to combine the qualities of an original scientist with those of a forward–looking industrialist.

His greatest wish was to see an end of wars and thus peace between nations.

5. Дайте развернутые ответы на вопросы по тексту (выполняется письменно):

What was Alfred Nobel?

Why was he known as a man of many contrasts?

Why did he come to care deeply about the whole of mankind?

What did he invent a new explosive for?

6. Пользуясь словарем, переведите письменно первый абзац текста.

mining and road building

to take an interest in smth

the whole of mankind

to provide a prize

to search for a meaning of life

строительство шахт и дорог

повсюду, во всех отношениях

искать смысл жизни

IV. TEST

I . Соедините подходящие по смыслу части предложений.

World-famous for his works… a) with those of a forward-

He had never been to school … b) a serious interest to

literature and philosophy

His greatness lay in his outstanding c) for outstanding works in

ability to combine the qualities of an physics, chemistry, medi-

original scientist… cine, literature and peace

From his youth he had taken… d) but had studied privately

Alfred Nobel left money to e) he was never personally

provide prizes … well — known

II . Укажите номера абзацев, которые содержат информацию для ответов на следующие вопросы:

Какое открытие сделало А. Нобеля известным на весь мир?

Чего А. Нобель желал больше всего на свете?

В чем заключается величие Альфреда Нобеля?

III .Прочтите следующие утверждения и определите, являются ли они согласно тексту верными( T ), неверными( F ) или не обсуждаются вообще( N ).

1. He died in Italy in 1896.

2. Alfred Nobel was the great German inventor and industrialist.

3.By the time of 20 he was a skilful chemist and excellent linguist.

4.He did not leave money to provide prizes for outstanding works in mathematics.

Alfred Nobel was slow to see industrial openings for his scientific inventions.

IV .Расположите следующие предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получилось краткое изложение содержания текста.

Like his father Alfred was imaginative and inventive.

Alfred began his study of explosives in father’s laboratory.

World-famous for his works, he was never personally well known because he avoided publicity.

Alfred Nobel the great Swedish inventor and industrialist was a man of many contrasts.

His greatest wish was to see the end of wars, and thus peace for nations and he spent much time and money working for this cause.

V . Напишите краткое изложение текста на русском языке. Проком ментируйте часть текста, которая вам показалась наиболее интересной.

I. INFORMATION FOR STUDY .

Прочитайте текст “ Man and the Environment ”, переведите его устно, пользуясь словарем. ( см . Vocabulary, раздел III).

MAN AND THE ENVIRONMENT

1.The environment situation is known to have long been a subject of separate and joint research efforts by specialists of interrelated fields – biologists, chemists, biochemists and others who have to combine their knowledge with the information available to specialists in physics, geology, oceanography and meteorology, or to the experts in sociology, psychology, philosophy, etc. The problem of man and his interaction with the environment has now become the focal point for many sciences not because it is fashionable but because of its great significance for the whole of mankind.

2.Scientific exchanges and discussions are sure to be always useful because they contribute to general scientific advance. Many Western scientists say our world to be through a global ecological crisis which means the gradual destruction of the human race. Russian scientists are not so pessimistic but they do think that man′s intervention in nature is steadily increasing, which is a growing threat to the environment. The very term “crisis” is not quite accurate. What we see at present are signs of ecological imbalance which may cause a crisis if due measures are not taken. The air we breathe, the earth we live on and its rivers and seas are becoming polluted with ever more dangerous materials — the by-products of Man′s activities.

3.Interrelations between man and the biosphere are of a very complex nature. Man, like every other living organism, depends for his life on what the biosphere provides: water, oxygen, food, etc. On the other hand, the biosphere is reported to be strongly affected by all sorts of human activities. The conflicts that arise in this man-and-the environment interaction are different. For example, man creates new compounds, new substances, pure chemical elements which are unknown to the biosphere. They do not belong to the natural cycle of matter, therefore they weaken the capacity of natural complexes for self-regulation. Thus, though not changing biologically, we change the medium we live in.

4.Forests are disappearing. Deserts are advancing at the same speed and, if there are qualitative changes in the biosphere, it is supposed not any longer to correspond to the biological requirements of man, whose ability to adapt is very limited.

5.The great scientist Vladimir Vernadsky was the first to realize the necessity for quite a new approach to the biosphere as early as the mid-forties. It is Vernadsky′s concept of the biosphere that we accept today.

6.That we must act now is clear. If your house is in order, you′re all right.

Примечания к тексту:

но они все же считают

2. ever more dangerous

как никогда опасные

3. on the other hand

с другой стороны

4. it is Vernadsky′s concept that

именно концепция Вернадского

1. Найдите в тексте производные от следующих слов. Переведите их с учетом части речи:

situate, special, relate, know, inform, avail, act, fashion, signify, man, discuss, use, science, ecology, globe.

2. Найдите в тексте антонимы к следующим словам:

optimistic, decrease, relative, past, balance, simple, joint, death, compromise, same, artificial, because, strengthen.

3. Найдите русские эквиваленты в колонке В к английским словам из колонки А.

сам; как таковой

4. Переведите следующие словосочетания из текста, обращая внимание на подчеркнутые слова. Постарайтесь подобрать самый подходящий вариант их перевода.

information available to specialists

for the whole mankind

general scientific advance

man′s intervention in nature

the very term “crisis”

signs of ecological imbalance

may cause a crisis

the by-products of Man′s activities

like other living organisms

to realize the necessity

5. Переведите следующие предложения из текста, содержащие инфинитивные конструкции. Помните , что их переводят придаточными предложениями .

1. The environmental situation is known to have long been a subject of research by specialists.

2. Scientific discussions are sure to be always useful for general scientific advance.

3. Many western scientists say our world to be going through a global ecological crisis.

4. The biosphere is reported to be strongly affected by all sorts of human activities.

5. The biosphere is supposed not any longer to correspond to the biological requirements of man.

6. Переведите письменно следующие сложные предложения из текста, обращая внимание на тип придаточного. Помните, что в некоторых случаях союз, вводящий придаточные предложения, опускается.

1. What we see at present are signs of ecological imbalance.

2. The air we breathe , the earth we live on are becoming polluted.

3. Man depends for his life on what the biosphere provides .

4. We change the medium we live in .

5. That we must act now is clear.

7. Придумайте и запишите два вопроса, ответом на которые может служить абзац 2.

имеющийся в наличии, доступный

способствовать, делать вклад

вызывать, быть причиной

arise (arose, arisen)

соответствовать, отвечать (требованиям и т.д.)

I. Соедините подходящие по смыслу части предложений.

a) the biosphere will no longer correspond to the biological requirements of man.

2. This problem has now become…

b) are of a very complex nature.

3. Ecological imbalance may cause a crisis…

c) if due measures are not taken.

4. Interrelations between man and the biosphere…

d) the focal point for many sciences.

5. It is supposed that…

e) is very limited.

6. Man′s ability to adapt…

f) by specialists of interrelated fields.

II. Укажите номер абзаца текста, который содержит информацию для ответа на следующие вопросы.

а) Кто из ученых впервые заговорил о необходимости нового подхода к окружающей среде?

б) Почему проблема взаимодействия человека и биосферы занимает сейчас важное место во многих отраслях науки?

в) Чем отличается позиция западных и русских ученых в оценке экологических проблем современности?

III. Прочитайте следующие утверждения и определите, являются ли они согласно тексту: верными (Т), неверными ( F ) или не обсуждаются вообще ( N ).

1. Forests are disappearing, deserts are advancing at the same speed.

2. The biosphere is reported to be slightly affected by all sorts of human activities.

3. Also, we are becoming more and more worried about water pollution.

4. The pollution of the environment comes from many sources: chemical waste from factories, domestic waste from cities and towns and so on.

IV. Расположите следующие предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получилось краткое изложение текста “ Man and the Environment ”.

1. Scientists′ approaches to the problem are different.

2. The problem of man and his interaction with the environment is now a major subject for scientists in many fields.

3. Anyhow, we must take due measures to stop environmental changes.

4. Some scientists think the environmental situation to be a crisis, others consider it as a sign of ecological imbalance.

5It is because of its great significance for the whole of mankind.

Напишите краткое изложение текста на русском языке. Проком ментируйте часть текста, которая вам показалась наиболее интересной.

I. INFORMATION FOR STUDY

Прочитайте текст « Pyramid power », переведите его устно, пользуясь словарем (см. Vocabulary , раздел III).

1.As the story goes, a Frenchman, Antoine Bovis, first noticed these powers while exploring the Great Pyramid in Egypt during the 1920s. He saw the bodies of small animals which had wandered into the Pyramid and died. Instead of decomposing, as would be expected, these bodies had dehydrated and mummified. On returning to France he conducted a series of experiments with model pyramids and discovered, for instance, that steak was still quite edible and tasted good after being left under a pyramid for several months.

2.Bovis′ discoveries were taken up by the Czechoslovakian Karl Drbal in the 1950s. He found that pyramids could affect non-organic matter as well as organic matter. A razor blade, for example, never became blunt if placed under a pyramid. Even blunt razor blades placed under a pyramid for a few hours became sharp. Drbal found that one razor blade could be used up to 200 times or more if kept under a pyramid. He also discovered that the position where his razor blades sharpened best corresponded to the position of the King′s Burial Chamber in the Great Pyramid – directly under the apex one-third of the way up. Drbal patented a Pyramid Razor Blade Scharpener in 1959 and small red and white plastic pyramids appeared on the market soon afterwards.

3.Since then American researchers have discovered many more powers of the pyramid. A recent claim is that meditation is facilitated and enhanced if done under a pyramid or wearing a pyramid as a hat. Like razor blades, old and dry tobacco can be revived under model pyramids. In fact, the list of pyramid experiments is endless but here is one of the things I have tried with pyramids.

4.I tried placing pyramids above plants to see if growth was helped by pyramid powers. I had two identical avocado plants so I placed a pyramid over one but not the other. The plant with the pyramid over it has grown faster and healthier than the other plant. To revive the weaker plant I tried watering it with water which I had left under a pyramid for a few days: sure enough the plant sprouted new leaves and began to look much healthier until I started watering it with ‘untreated’ tap water again.

5.Despite all the experiments with pyramids there is still no scientific explanation for their powers. All you can do is build your own model pyramid and see if it works for you, like it did for me. See, for instance, if pyramids can sharpen blunt knives and scissors as well as razor blades or find out if a pyramid can preserve perishable food or milk. The only way to find out if you believe in this strange inexplicable power is to try the experiments for yourself.

Примечания к тексту

2. as would be expected

как следовало ожидать

возвращаться к чему-л., обратиться вновь

4. King′s Burial Chamber

место погребения царя (короля)

5. one third of the way up

одна треть расстояния

1. Найдите в тексте производные от следующих слов, переведите их и распределите на две группы по частям речи (1 – существительные, 2- прилагательные)

eat, discover, pose, research, meditate, end, grow, identify, science, explain, perish.

2. Найдите в тексте слова, имеющие сходные корни с русскими словами. Определите, к какой части речи они относятся.

мумия, кондуктор, моделировать, позиция, патент, маркетинг, медитация, идентифицировать, ватерлиния, экспериментировать, пресервы (полуконсервы).

3. Составьте словосочетания по модели определение + существительное, используя подходящие слова из двух колонок.

pyramid, animals, bodies, steak, matter, blade, claim, plant, leaves, water, explanation, knives, food

organic, non-organic, model, mummified, blunt, sharp, perishable, edible, scientific, strange, tap, new, old, weak, healthy, recent, best, small, plastic, great

4. Составьте предложения из слов, данных в произвольном порядке.

pyramids, non-organic, organic, affect, both, matter, and.

the bodies, had mummified, of, small, instead of, animals, decomposing.

even, much, sharper, if placed, a pyramid, razor, blades, became, under, blunt.

of, an, endless, list, pyramid, there is, experiments, in fact.

for, give, but, all, no, scientific, the experiments, powers, explanation, pyramid.

5. Переведите письменно следующие предложения из текста, обращая внимание на инговые формы глагола с предлогами или союзами.

Antoine Bovis first noticed the pyramid powers while exploring the Great Pyramid in Egypt in the 1920s.

Instead of decomposing, the bodies of animals had dehydrated and mummified.

A recent claim is that meditation is enhanced if wearing a pyramid as a hat.

On returning to France he conducted a series of experiments with model pyramids.

Steak tasted good after being left under a pyramid for several months.

6. Дайте развернутые ответы на вопросы письменно.

When did small plastic pyramids appear on the market?

What fact was Antoine Bovis much interested in while exploring the Great Pyramid in Egypt?

What is scientific explanation for pyramid powers?

Пользуясь словарем переведите письменно четвертый абзац текста.

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