Найти в текстах 1 и 2 английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний (6 видео)

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Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты
Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 2
Самостоятельная работа для группы «Автомеханики»
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Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты

Интенсивные усилия; увеличить надежность;

увеличить параметры; уменьшить размер и стоимость;

вряд ли кто-нибудь мог прогнозировать; количественные и

качественные изменения; отрасль науки; пленочная технология;

полупроводниковый метод, сокращать элементы

схемы; суть миниатюризации в том, что; создать схемы

с долгим сроком службы; чрезвычайно высокая

скорость реакции; чем меньше, тем быстрее; пользу;

тратить энергию; пользу; уменьшение расстояния между элементами схемы; большая интегральная схема;

микроволновая интегральная схема; волновод; линия

передач; смещать; изображение схем; расширять

The intensive effort of electronics to increase the

reliability and performance of its products while reducing

their size and cost led to the results that hardly anyone

could predict. The evolution of electronic technology js

sometimes called a revolution: a quantitative change in

technology gave rise to qualitative change in human

capabilities. There appeared a new branch of science —

Microelectronics embraces electronics connected with

the realization of electronic circuits, systems and

subsystems from very small electronic devices.

Microelectronics is a name for extremely small

electronic components and circuit assemblies, made by

film or semiconductor techniques. A microelectronic

technology reduced transistors and other circuit elements

to dimensions almost invisible to unaided eye.The point

of this extraordinary miniaturization is to make circuits

long — lasting, low in cost, and capable of performing

electronic functions at extremely high speed. It is known

that the speed of response depends on the size of

transistor: the smaller the transistor, the faster it is. The

smaller the computer, the faster it can work.

One more advantage of microelectronics is that smaller de

— vices consume less power. In space satellites and

spaceships this is a very important factor.

Another benefit resulting from microelectronics is the

reduction of distances between circuit components.

Packing density increased with the appearance of small —

scale integrated circuit, medium — scale IС, large — scale IС

and very — large — scale IС. The change in scale was

measured_by the number of transistors on a chip. There

appeared a new type of integrated circuits, microwave integrated circuit. The evolution of microwave IС began

with the development of planar transmission lines. Then

new IС components in a fineline transmission line

appeared. Other more exotic techniques, such as dielectric

waveguide integrated circuits emerged.

Microelectronic technique is continuing to displace

other modes. Circuit patterns are being formed with

radiation having wavelength shorter than those of light.

Electronics has extended man’s intellectual power.

Microelectronics extends that power still further.(Перевод слов не подойдет)

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Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 2

intricate [‘mtnkit] — сложный, запутанный, electronic circuit [sbkt’romk ‘sa:kit] — электронная цепь, схема

to operate switches [ops’reit ‘switfiz] — приводить в действие переключатели

to store numbers [‘sto: ‘плтЬзг] — запоминать числа

13 Unit 1. Information-Dependent Society

to manipulate [ms’nipjuleit] — управлять; обращаться; преобразовывать

to input / to feed in — вводить (информацию)

to turn on = to switch on — включать

to turn off = to switch off— выключать

to process data [prou’ses ‘delta] — обрабатывать данные

to supply [sa’plai] — подавать, вводить, снабжать, обеспечивать

addition [s’difn] — сложение

subtraction [sAb’trajkJh] — вычитание

division [di’vrjn] —деление

multiplication [‘тлИгрп’кег/п] — умножение

exponentiation [eksps’nenji’eijn] — возведение в степень

user [‘juzs] — пользователь

input device [‘input di’vais] — устройство ввода

disk drive [‘disk ‘draiv] — дисковое запоминающее устройство, дисковод

tape drive [‘teip ‘draiv] — запоминающее устройство на магнитной ленте

cathode-ray tube [‘kseOsd rei 4ju:b] — электроннолучевая трубка

to make decisions — принимать решения

instantaneously [jnstan’teinjssli] — мгновенно, немедленно

Прочтите текст 2 и скажите, что такое компьютер и каковы его основные функции.

Text 2. WHAT IS A COMPUTER?

A computer is a machine with an intricate network of electronic circuits that operate switches or magnetize tiny metal cores. The switches, like the cores, are capable of being in one or two possible states, that is, on or off; magnetized or demagnetized. The machine is capable of storing and manipulating numbers, letters, and characters (symbols).

Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 14

The basic idea of a computer is that we can make the machine do what we want by inputting signals that turn certain switches on and turn others off, or magnetize or do not magnetize the cores.

The basic job of computers is processing of information. For this reason computers can be defined as devices which accept information in the form of instructions, called a program, and characters, called data, perform mathematical and / or logical operations on the information, and then supply results of these operations. The program, or part of it, which tells the computers what to do and the data, which provide the information needed to solve the problem, are kept inside the computer in a place called memory.

It is considered that computers have many remarkable powers. However most computers, whether large or small, have three basic capabilities.

First, computers have circuits for performing arithmetic operations, such as: addition, subtraction, division, multiplication and exponentiation.

Second, computers have a means of communicating with the user. After all, if we couldn’t feed information in and get results back, these machines wouldn’t be of much use. Some of the most common methods of inputting information are to use terminals, diskettes, disks and magnetic tapes. The computer’s input device (a disk drive or tape drive) reads the information into the computer. For outputting information two common devices used are: a printer, printing the new information on paper, and a cathode-ray-tube display, which shows the results on a TV-like screen.

Third, computers have circuits which can make decisions. The kinds of decisions which computer circuits can make are not of the type: «Who would win the war between two countries?» or «Who is the richest person in the world?» Unfortunately, the computer can only decide three things, namely: Is one number less than another? Are two numbers equal? and, Is one number greater than another?

A computer can solve a series of problems and make thousands of logical decisions without becoming tired. It can find the solution to a problem in a fraction of the time it takes a human being to do the job.

15 Unit 1. Information-Dependent Society

A computer can replace people in dull, routine tasks, but it works according to the instructions given to it. There are times when a computer seems to operate like a mechanical ‘brain’, but its achievements are limited by the minds of human beings. A computer cannot do anything unless a person tells it what to do and gives it the necessary information; but because electric pulses can move at the speed of light, a computer can carry out great numbers of arithmetic-logical operations almost instantaneously. A person can do the same, but in many cases that person would be dead long before the job was finished.

8. Переведите текст. Ответьте на вопросы, используя ин
формациютекста.

1. What is a computer? 2. What are the two possible states of the switches? 3. What are the main functions of a computer? 4. In what way can we make the computer do what we want? 5. What is the basic task of a computer? 6. In what form does a computer accept information? 7. What is a program? 8. What are data? 9. What is memory? 10. What three basic capabilities have computers? 11. What are the ways of inputting information into the computer? 12. What is the function of an input device? 13. What devices are used for outputting information? 14. What decisions can the computer make? 15. What are the computer’s achievements limited by?

9. Найдите в тексте 2 английские эквиваленты следующих
словосочетаний:

Сложная сеть электронных цепей; управлять (приводить в действие) переключателями; возможные состояния; хранить (запоминать) числа; обрабатывать символы; посредством ввода сигналов; включать; выключать; размагничивать сердечники; обработка информации; информация в виде команд; символы, называемые данными; выполнять математические операции; выдавать результаты; обеспечивать необходимую информацию; иметь замечательные возможности; основные свойства; сложение, вычитание, деление, умножение; возведение в степень; средства для общения с пользователем; устройство ввода; дисковод; считывать информацию; вывод информации; катоднолучевая трубка; принимать решения; выполнять тысячи логических операций; без устали; находить реше-

Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 16

ние задачи; значительно меньший промежуток времени; человек; нудная рутинная работа; в соответствии с введенной программой; вырабатывать свои суждения; возможности ограничены программой, заложенной в него человеком; дать требуемую информацию; электрические импульсы; со скоростью света; мгновенно производить огромное количество математических операций; человеку может не хватить всей жизни, чтобы закончить работу.

10. Составьте пары или группыблизких позначению слов
из перечня, приведенного ниже.

Например: A. to perform, to exercise, to carry out; B. a man, a person, a human being;

Verbs: to turn on, to provide, to type, to accept, to help, to learn, to observe, to call, to tell, to keep, to feed, to solve, to relate, to switch off, to communicate, to receive, to supply, to switch on, to assist, to print, to study, to input, to turn off, to decide, to store, to say, to name, to watch.

Nouns: work, machine, fundamentals, display, application, capabilities, job, storage, screen, state, basics, use, concept, specialist, journal, character, memory, idea, expert, magazine, position, symbol, command, data, solution, device, instruction, powers, information, decision.

Adjectives: basic, tiny, common, small, main, significant, routine, general, remarkable, uninterested, intricate, important, wonderful, complex, little.

Adverbs: rapidly, probably, instantaneously, in a moment, quickly, perhaps.

Выполните письменный перевод текста 3 по вариантам.

Text3. APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS

1.At present a great deal of the work force of most countries is engaged in creating, processing, storing, communicating and just working with information. Computers have become commonplace in homes, offices, stores, schools, research institutes, plants.

The use of computers in business, industry and communication services is widespread today. Computer-controlled robots are able to improve the quality of manufactured products and

17 Unit 1. Information-Dependent Society

to increase the productivity of industry. Computers can control the work of power stations, plants and docks. They help in making different decisions and in management of economy.

The work of banks depends upon computer terminals for millions of daily operations. Without these terminals, records of deposits and withdrawals would be difficult to maintain, and it would be impossible to make inquiries about the current status of customer accounts.

Computers form a part of many military systems including communication and fire control. They are applied for automatic piloting and automatic navigation. Space exploration depends on computers for guidance, on-board environment and research.

2. Computers find application in astronomy and upper atmosphere research. Weather forecasting, library information services can benefit from computers too.

It is interesting to note that computers are widely used in medicine. They became valuable medical diagnostic tools. Computers are used for optical scanning and image processing, ranging from pattern recognition to image processing. Technicians can operate computer tomography scanners which combine x-rays with computer technology to give sectional views of the body of patients. The views then can be combined into a single image shown on the screen.

It should be noticed that learning on a computer can be fun. Students spend more time with computer-aided instruction performing the assigned task, as compared with conventional classroom.

At last air traffic control is impossible without computer application. It fully depends upon computer-generated information.

Many other uses of computers that we cannot imagine at present will become commonplace in the transition from an industrial to post industrial, or information society.

to maintain records — вести учет

deposits and withdrawal — вклады и изъятие (выемка)

guidance — наведение (на цель); управление; руководство

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Самостоятельная работа для группы «Автомеханики»

Указания по выполнению самостоятельных работ

Самостоятельная работа №1. « Развитие автомобильного транспорта »

The early days of the Automobile

1. One of the earliest attempts to propel a vehicle by mechanical power was suggested by Isaac Newton. But the first self-propelled vehicle was constructed by the French military engineer Cugnot in 1763. He built a steam-driven engine which had three wheels, carried two passengers and run at maximum speed of four miles. The supply of steam lasted only 15 minutes and the carriage had to stop every 100 yards to make more steam.

2. In 1825 a steam engine was built in Great Britain. The vehicle carried 18 passengers and covered 8 miles in 45 minutes. However, the progress of motor cars met with great opposition in Great Britain.

3. In Russia there were cities where motor cars were outlawed altogether. When the editor of the local newspaper in the city of Uralsk bought a car, the governor issued these instructions to the police: «When the vehicle appears in the streets, it is to be stopped and escorted to the police station, where its driver is to be prosecuted».

4. From 1860 to 1900 was a period of the application of gasoline engines to motor cars in many countries. The first to perfect gasoline engine was N. Otto who introduced the four-stroke cycle of operation. By the time motor cars got a standard shape and appearance.

In 1896 a procession of motor cars took place from London to Brighton to show how reliable the new vehicles were.

The cars of that time were very small, two-seated cars with no roof, driven by an engine placed under the seat. Motorist had to carry large cans of fuel and separate spare tyres, for there were no repair or filling stations to serve them.

After World War 1 it became possible to achieve greater reliability of motor cars, brakes became more efficient. Multi-cylinder engines came into use; most commonly used are four-cylinder engines.

5. Gradually the development of vehicles driven by international combustion engine – cars, as they had come to be known, led to the abolition of earlier restrictions. Huge capital began to flow into the automobile industry.

From 1908 to 1924 the number of cars in the world rose from 200 thousand to 20 million; by 1960 it had reached 60 million!

6. There are about 3,000 Americans who like to collect antique cars. They have several clubs such as Antique Automobile Club. Collectors can also advertise in the magazine published by their clubs. The best collection-100 old cars of great rarity – is in possession of William Harrah. He is very influential in his field. The value of his collection is not only historical but also practical: photographs of his cars are used for films and advertisements.

Переведите на русский язык следующие слова и словосочетания:

Vehicle, mechanical power, self-propelled, was constructed, a steam-driven engine, wheels, passengers, motor cars, issued, prosecuted, of gasoline engines, introduced the four-stroke cycle of operation, two-seated cars, efficient, international combustion engine, abolition, automobile industry, collect antique cars, advertisements.

2. Закончите предложения, выбрав их из текста

1) In ….. a steam engine was built in Great Britain.

2) From 1860 to 1900 was a period of the application…

3) The cars of that time were very small…

4) Multi-cylinder engines came into use, most commonly used are…

5) The best collection-100 old cars of great rarity –…

Самостоятельная работа № 2. «Виды наземного транспорта»

Different kind of land transport

What was the reaction of the people after the invention of the steam engine?

In Washington the story is told of the Patent Office who in the early thirties of the last century suggested that the Office be closed because «everything that could possibly be invented had been invented». People experienced a similar feeling after the invention of the steam engine.

But there was a great need for a more efficient engine than the steam engine, for one without a huge boiler, an engine that could quickly be started and stopped. This problem was solved by the invention of the international combustion engine.

Who introduced the first cheap motor car?

The first practical internal combustion engine was introduced in the form of a gas engine by the German engineer N. Otto in 1876.

Since then motor transport began to spread in Europe very rapidly. But the person who was the first to make it really popular was Henry Ford, an American manufacturer who introduced the first cheap motor car, the famous Ford Model «T».

When did diesel-engine Lorries become general?

The rapid development of the internal combustion engine led to its use in the farm tractors, thereby creating a revolution in agriculture. The use of motor vehicles for carrying heavy loads developed more slowly until the 1930s when diesel-engined Lorries became general.

The motor cycle steadily increased in popularity as engines and tyres became more reliable and roads improved. Motor cycles were found well suited for competition races and sporting events and were also recognized as the cheapest form of fast transport.

When were the trams introduced first?

Buses were started in Paris in 1820. In 1828 they were introduced in London by George Shillibeer, a coach builder who used the French name Omnibus which was obtained from the Latin word meaning «for all». His omnibuses were driven by three horses and had seats for 22 passengers. Then in then 20 th century reliable petrol engines became available, and by 1912 the new motor buses were fast replacing horse-driven buses.

Trams were introduced in the middle of the 19 th century. The idea was that, as the rails were smoother than the roads, less effort was needed to pull a tram than a bus. The first trams were horse-drawn but the later trams were almost all driven by electricity. The electric motor driving the tram was usually with electric current from overhead wires. Such wires are also used by trolleybuses, which run on rubber tyres and do not need rails.

Another form of transport used in London, Paris, Berlin, Moscow, St.Petersburg,

Kiev and some other crowded cities is the underground railway.

London’s first underground railway of the «tube» type was opened in 1863, the Moscow underground in 1935.

What do the longest oil pipe-lines connect?

The pipe-lines, which were in use by the ancient Romans for carrying water supplies to their houses, are now mainly used to transport petroleum. The first pipe-line of this kind was laid in Pennsylvania, the United States, in 1865.

Some of the longest oil pipe-lines connect oil-fields in Iraq and near the Persian Gulf with ports on the Mediterranean coast. A famous Pipe-line Under the Ocean was laid across the English Channel in 1944.

What are the cableways used for?

A form of transport which is quite common in some mountainous parts of the world, especially in Switzerland, is the aerial cableway. Cableways are used at nearly all winter sport centers to pull or carry skiers to the top of the slopes. Cableways are used by many Alpine villages which lie high up the mountain-sides for bringing up their supplies from the valley bellow.

1. Распределите правильно слова, в соответствии с развитием транспорта

Omnibus, cableway, steam engines, pipe-lines, motor cars, diesel engines

2. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских слов и словосочетаний:

Invention of the steam engines усилие

efficient engine дизельный двигатель

internal combustion engine. омнибус

motor transport изобретение парового двигателя

The rapid development бензин для транспорта

Trams продуктивный двигатель

Omnibuses связь с нефтяной сферой

horse-driven buses. двигатель внутреннего сгорания

Effort моторный транспорт

The electric motor трамваи

trolleybuses, лошадиная сила

pipe-lines электрический мотто

transport petroleum. трубопровод

connect oil-fields бензин

3. Закончите предложения, выбрав их из текста

1. People experienced a similar feeling after the….

2. The first practical internal combustion engine was introduced in the form of a gas engine by…

3. The use of motor vehicles for carrying heavy loads developed more slowly until…

4. The first trams were horse-drawn but the later trams were…

5. The first pipe-line of this kind was laid…

6. A form of transport which is quite common in some mountainous parts of the world, especially in Switzerland, is…

Самостоятельная работа № 3. «Автомобильное производство»

Specialists in automobile industry deal with designing and manufacturing cars, so they should know that the production of the automobile comprises the following phases:

Working out the technology of manufacturing processes

Why is it necessary to know all these facts?

It is important to know them as before the automobile (car or truck) is put into mass production, it should be properly designed and the automobile must meet-up-to-date requirements.

What are these requirements?

The automobile must have high efficiency, long service life, driving safety, ease of maintenance and pleasant appearance.

In order to obtain all these qualities engineers should develop up-to-date methods of designing cars, using new types of resistant to corrosion light materials. Also it is important to know computer science because it is intended to shorten the time between designing and manufacturing. Computers offer quick and optimal solutions of problems.

But before the car is put into mass production all its units and mechanisms are subjected to tests, first in the plant’s laboratory, then the car undergoes a rigid quality control in road tests. Only then the car is put into mass production. Why are these tests required? What qualities are required of the automobile? The modern automobile must be rapid in acceleration, must have smooth acting clutch, silent gearbox, dependable brakes and steering system, as well as pleasant appearance. Also it must be comfortable and have all conveniences.

1. mechanical engineer а) долгий срок службы

2. to deal (with) б) запустить в массовое производство

3. designing cars в ) подвергать испытаниям

4. to put into mass production г ) плавное сцепление

5. long service life д) отвечать современным требованиям

6. driving safety е ) иметь дело

7. to meet up-to-date demands ж ) надёжные тормоза и рул . упр — я

8. smooth-acting clutch и) безопасность езды

9. silent gearbox й) бесшумная коробка передач

10 .dependable brakes and steering system к ) инженер — механик

11. to subject to test л) конструирование автомобилей

2. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту

What phases does the production of the automobile comprise?

What requirements must the automobile meet?

Why are cars subjected to road tests

What qualities are required of the automobile?

Why is it important for the specialists in automobile industry to know computing methods?

3. Закончите предложения, выбрав соответствующий вариант окончания:

The cars are subjected to road tests in order…

to shorten the time between designing and manufacturing

to meet up-to-date requirements

to work out new technological processes

The car must have the following units….

high efficiency, long service life, driving safety and pleasant appearance

smooth acting clutch, silent gearbox, dependable brakes and steering system

The car must have the following qualities ….

high efficiency, long service life, driving safety and pleasant appearance

smooth acting clutch, silent gearbox, dependable brakes and steering system

Самостоятельная работа № 4. «Знакомство с авто»

Acquaintance with cars

Nick: Hullo, Boris!

Boris: Hullo, Nick. How are things?

N .: Perfectly well, thank you. I entered the automobile construction college.

В .: That’s nice, what will you become after graduating from the college?

N .: I’ll become a technician and deal with manufacturing new cars.

В .: Why did you choose this profession?

N .: I enjoy learning about a car. I enjoy working with metal. And most of all I enjoy being able to construct cars. В .: Do you enjoy the course?

N .: Yes, of course.

В .: Tell me about your profession in detail, please?

N .: With great pleasure. As you know an automobile must be safe, have smooth acting clutch, silent gears, excellent brakes and steering system. And in order to achieve these qualities a lot of work must be done.

В .: Thank you very much for your information. I believe you like your profession very much.

N. : Oh, yes, very much, indeed.

Anton: Where do you study?

Boris: I study at the automobile construction college.

A : Whom does the college train?

B : It trains specialists for the automobile industry.

A : Why did you decide to become a technician?

B : I enjoy working with machines. I enjoy learning about a car. I understand every part of it.

A : What can you tell me about the car?

B : Well, the car of today must be rapid in acceleration; it must have dependable clutch, brakes, and steering system, be stable on the road and have pleasant appearance.

A : Do you enjoy the course?

B: Yes, very much. I have learned a lot of things. For example, I know that the production of the car comprises five phases.

A: What are they?

B : They are designing, working out the technology, laboratory tests, road tests, mass production.

A: And why are laboratory and road tests needed?

B : The cars are subjected to tests in order to meet up-to-date demands.

A : And what are these demands?

B: They are high efficiency, long service life, driving safety, ease of maintenance and so on.

A: I think you will become an expert in automobile engineering.

B: I’ll try. The cooperative plan of an academic program with practice at a plant will help me to become a good specialist.

1. Найдите в тексте диалога английские эквиваленты следующих русских слов и выражений и запишите их в виде мини-словаря:

Учусь в автомобилестроительном колледже, техник, люблю работать с машинами, современный автомобиль, надежные тормоза, плавное сцепление, приятный внешний вид, массовое производство автомобилей, стендовые испытания, отвечать современным требованиям, долгий срок службы, легкость техобслуживания, надежность, быстро разгоняться (приёмистость), подвергаться жестким дорожным испытаниям

2. Составьте из двух диалогов один. Используйте лексику из упр.1.

3. Закончите предложения, подобрав соответствующие по смыслу слова (или словосочетания), приведенные ниже.

After graduating from the college I shall become

I shall deal with

All specialists must know that the production of the automobile comprise …….

It is necessary to know these facts because the automobile of today must meet …

The modern automobile must have ….….

In road tests the automobile undergoes …….

A technician, a specialist in automobile industry, the production of the automobile, designing, working out the technology of manufacturing processes, laboratory tests, road tests, mass production, high efficiency, long service life, driving safety, ease of maintenance, rigid quality control, rapid acceleration, smooth-acting clutch, silent gearbox, dependable brakes, dependable steering system, the automobile construction college, up-to-date demands (requirements).

1. What college do you study at?

2. What will you become after graduating from the college?

3. What will you deal with?

4. What phases does the production of the automobile comprise?

5. Why are the cars subjected to laboratory and road tests?

6. What qualities must the car have?

7. What units must the car have?

5. Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1. Я учусь на автомобильном факультете технического колледжа.

2. После окончания колледжа я стану специалистом автомобильной промышленности.

3. По моему мнению, каждый специалист должен знать, что автомобиль должен пройти стендовые и дорожные испытания.

4. Эти испытания необходимы, чтобы автомобиль отвечал современным требованиям.

5. Современный автомобиль должен обладать следующими качествами: быть приёмистым, иметь плавное сцепление, бесшумную коробку передач, надежные тормозную и рулевую системы, быть легким в управлении.

6.Двигатель автомобиля также должен иметь небольшой расход топлива и быть экологичным.

Самостоятельная работа № 5. «Тенденции в современном машиностроении»

Trends In The Modern Machine-Building Industry

The scientific and technological progress will continue in engineering along two main headlines. Firstly, it is automation, including the creation of “unmanned” industries. Secondly, raising the reliability and extending the service life of machines.

This certainly requires new technology. The machine modules on a large scale are well suited for “unmanned” industries.

Intense work is being carried out on new robots. What we need is not merely manipulators which can take up a workpiece and pass it on, but robots which can identify objects, their position in space, etc.

We also need machines that would trace the entire process of machining. Some have been designed and are manufactured. Modern engineering thinking has created new automated coal-digging complexes and machine systems, installations for the continuous casting of steel, machine-tools for electrophysical and electrochemical treatment of metals, unique welding equipment, automatic rotor transfer lines and machine-tool modules for flexible industries.

New technologies and equipment have been designed for most branches of engineering.

In the shortest time possible the engineers are to start producing new generations of machines and equipment which would allow manufacturers to increase productivity several times and to find a way for the application of advanced technologies.

Large reserves in extending service life for machines can be found in the process of designing. At present, advanced methods have been evolved for designing machines proceeding from a number of criteria. Automatic design systems allow for an optimizing of the solutions in design and technology when new machines are still in the blueprint stage.

A promising reserve in increasing the life of parts is strengthening treatment. In recent years new highly efficient methods have been found.

First and foremost of them is the vacuum plasma methods for coating components with hard alloy compounds, such as nitrides and carbides of titanium, tungsten and boron. Methods have been designed for reinforcing machine parts most vulnerable to wear and tear, such as in grain harvesters, to’make them last several times longer.

Thus, it is not merely quantity engineers and scientists are after, rather it is a matter of major characteristics. In other words, this is a matter of quality, and not of the mere number of new machines, apparatuses and materials

1. Найдите данные слова в тексте и уточните их значения по контексту :
module, robot, to identify, manipulator, electro physical, electrochemical, unique, rotor, line, productivity, to reserve, criteria, to optimize, vacuum, plasma, component, nitride, carbide, titanium, apparatus.

2. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты для следующих русских словосочетаний:

срок службы, передовые методы, электрофизическая обработка, модуль станка, система проектирования, составы из твердых сплавов, методы вакуумной плазмы, упрочнение деталей машин, гибкое производство, полностью автоматизированное производство

3. Определите какие выражения правдивы, а какие нет:

1. There are two main trends in modern machine-building: automation and raising of the reliability of machines.

2.The creation of «unmanned» industries is included into automation.
3. Machine modules and robots are not suited for «unmanned industries».

4. Automation and raising of the reliability of machines require new technologies.

5. Advanced technologies are applied in most branches of engineering.

6. The service life of machine parts can’t be increased by strengthening treatment.

7.Hard alloy compounds are employed for coating components.
8. The process of designing can also be automated. This gives the advantage of optimizing solutions in design and technology.

Самостоятельная работа № 6. «Экологически чистые автомобили»

Environmentally Friendly Cars

Many of the world’s cities lie under a permanent blanket of smog. People are concerned about global warming, and fuel prices just keep going up and up. In recent years car manufacturers have been put under pressure to invent a vehicle that is both cheaper to run and better for the environment.

One of the first ideas which car manufacturers tried, was to replace engines which run on fossil fuels with electric motors. Unfortunately, these vehicles had several drawbacks and they didn’t sell very well. The problems were that the batteries of these electric cars ran out very quickly and took a long time to recharge.

Car manufacturers have improved the concept so that environmentally friendly cars can now be efficient and economical as well. The hybrid car, which has both an electric motor and

a traditional petrol engine, comes in. The electric motor never needs to be recharged and it is much better for the planet than a traditional car.

In a hybrid car, the engine is controlled by a computer which determines whether the car runs on petrol, electricity, or both. When the car needs maximum power, for example, if it is accelerating or climbing a steep hill, it uses all of its resources, whereas at steady speeds it runs only on petrol. When slowing down or braking, the electric motor recharges its batteries.

Hybrid cars are made using materials such as aluminium and carbon fibre, which makes them extremely light. Hybrid cars are better for the environment because they use far less petrol than normal cars, so they produce less pollution.

Of course, hybrid cars aren’t perfect; they still run on fossil fuel an so pollute the environment to some extent. However, they may be the first step along the road to cleaner, ‘greener’ cars. Car manufacturers are already working on vehicles which run on hydrogen. The only emission from these cars is harmless water vapour. These are still some way in the future, though, as designers need to think of cheap and safe ways of producing, transporting and storing hydrogen, but at last, it looks like we might be heading in the right direction.

1. Сопоставьте слова (выражения) из левого столбика с их переводом из правого