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Методическая разработка по английскому языку на тему»History of computers»
Государственное бюджетное профессиональное образовательное учреждение Краснодарского края
«Новороссийский социально – педагогический колледж»
по английскому языку
« History of computers »
Данная разработка предназначена для расширенного изучения английского языка в области информационных технологий. Представленный материал позволяет не только углубить знания в английском языке, но и овладеть основами компьютерной грамотности. Разработка содержит тексты из оригинальной литературы, посвященные теме «Компьютеры и информационные системы», учебные задания, способствующие усвоению и запоминанию специальных терминов по компьютерным технологиям, задания для развития навыков чтения, свертывания и развертывания информации при составлении рефератов на английском языке.
Автор: Чатоева Ольга Михайловна,
преподаватель английского языка.
History of computers
Text 1. THE FIRST CALCULATING DEVICES
Let us take a look at the history of computers that we know today. The very first calculating device used was the ten fingers of a man’s hands. This, in fact, is why today we still count in tens and multiples of tens.
Then the abacus was invented. People went on using some form of abacus well into the 16 th century, and it is still being used in some parts of the world because it can be understood without knowing how to read.
During the 17 th and 18 th centuries many people tried to find easy ways of calculating. J.Napier, a Scotsman, invented a mechanical way of multiplying and dividing, which is now the modern slide rule works. Henry Briggs used Napier’s ideas to produce logarithm tables which all mathematicians use today.
Calculus, another branch of mathematics, was independently invented by both Sir Isaac Newton, an Englishman, and Leibnitz, a German mathematician. The first real calculating machine appeared in 1820 as the result of several people’s experiments.
In 1830 Charles Babbage, a gifted English mathematician, proposed to build a general-purpose problem-solving machine that he called «the analytical engine». This machine, which Babbage showed at the Paris Exhibition in 1855, was an attempt to cut out the human being altogether, except for providing the machine with the necessary facts about the problem to be solved. He never finished this work, but many of his ideas were the basis for building today’s computers.
By the early part of the twentieth century electromechanical machines had been developed and were used for business data processing. Dr. Herman Hollerith, a young statistician from the US Census Bureau successfully tabulated the 1890 census. Hollerith invented a means of coding the data by punching holes into cards. He built one machine to punch the holes and others to tabulate the collected data. Later Hollerith left the Census Bureau and established his own tabulating machine company. Through a series of merges the company eventually became the IBM Corporation.
Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 1
Calculating device — вычислительное устройство
Slide rule — логарифмическая линейка
Logarithm table — логарифмическая таблица
Calculus — исчисление; математический анализ
General — purpose — общего назначения, универсальный
To cut out the human being altogether — полностью исклю чить человека
To manipulate — обрабатывать, преобразовывать; управлять
Data processing — обработка данных (информации)
Tabulate the census — занести данные по переписи (населения) в таблицу
Means of coding — средства кодирования (шифровки)
To punch the holes— пробивать отвер стия
Punched card — перфокарта
To perform — выполнять, производить (действие); осуществлять;
Unit of data — единица информации
Keyboard terminals — терминал (вывод) с клавишным управлением
Proliferation — размножение, быстрое увеличение.
1. Просмотрите текст еще раз. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста.
1. What was the very first calculating device? 2. What is the abacus? 3. What is the modern slide rule? 4. Who gave the ideas for producing logarithm tables? 5. How did Newton and Leibnitz contribute to the problem of calculation? 6. When did the first calculating machine appear? 7. What was the main idea of Ch.Babbage’s machine? 8. How did electromechanical machines appear and what were they used for? 9. What means of coding the data did Hollerith devise? 10. How were those electromechanical machines called and why? 11. What kind of computers appeared later? 12. What new details had the computers of 1970s?
2. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:
Вычислительное устройство; легкий способ вычисления; поэтому (вот почему); кратное десяти; изобрести механический способ умножения и деления; логарифмическая линейка; составить таблицы логарифмов; математический анализ; изобрести независимо (друг от друга); в результате; полностью исключить человека; кроме (за исключением); обработка деловой информации; средство кодирования информации; перфокарты; пробивать отверстия; оформить собранные данные в таблицу; работать с данными на перфокарте; устройство, записывающее информацию блоками; единица информации; выполнять вычисления; для научных целей; клавишный терминал.
3. Вспомните значение следующих глаголов и подберите к ним производные. Например : to calculate — calculating, calculator, calculation.
To compute, to invent, to know, to multiply, to divide, to depend, to solve, to provide, to process, to code, to punch, to collect, to design, to store, to contribute, to use, to manipulate, to assemble, to connect, to consume, to rely, to divide, to inform, to instruct, to discover, to operate.
4. Переведите словосочетания, содержащие:
А. Причастие I — Participle I
Computers using vacuum tubes; the machine calculating mathematical problems; the computer keeping instructions in its memory; binary code storing data and instructions; the vacuum tube controlling and amplifying electronic signals; computers performing computations in milliseconds; electronic pulses moving at the speed of light; students coding the information by using a binary code; devices printing the information; keyboard terminals replacing vacuum tubes.
The given information; the name given to the machine; the coded data; the device used in World War II; the invention named ENIAC; the machine called EDVAC; instructions kept in the memory; the engine designed for storing data; data stored in a binary code; vacuum tubes invented by J. Neumann; the general-purpose machine proposed by Ch. Babbage; the machine provided with the necessary facts.
Text 2. THE FIRST COMPUTERS
In 1930 the first analog computer was built by American named Vannevar Bush. This device was used in World War II to
Many technical developments of electronic digital computers took place in the 1940 and 1950s. Mark I, the name given to first digital computers, was completed in 1944. The man response for this invention was Professor Howard Aiken. This was the first machine that could figure out long lists of mathematical problems at a very fast rate.
In 1946 two engineers at the University of Pennsylvania, J.Eckert and J.Maushly, built their digital computer with vacuum tubes. They named their new invention ENIAC (the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator).
Another important achievement in developing computers came in 1947, when John von Neumann developed the idea of keeping instructions for the computer inside the computer’s memory. The contribution of John von Neumann was particularly significant. As contrasted with Babbage’s analytical engine, which was designed to store only data, von Neumann’s machine, called the Electronic Discrete Variable Computer, or ED-VAC, was able to store both data John von Neumann and instructions. He also contributed to the idea of storing data and instructions in a binary code that uses only ones and zeros. This simplified computer design. Thus computers use two conditions, high voltage, and low voltage, to translate the symbols by which we communicate into unique combinations of electrical pulses. We refer to these combinations as codes.
Neumann’s stored program computers as well as other machines of that time were made possible by the invention of the vacuum tube that could control and amplify electronic signals. Early computers, using vacuum tubes, could perform computations in thousandths of seconds, called milliseconds, instead of seconds required by mechanical devices.
Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 2.
Analog computer — аналоговый компьютер digital computer — цифровой компьютер to aim guns — наводить орудия на цель to figure out — вычислять
At a fast rate — с высокой скоростью.
Memory / storage — запоминающее устройство
To store data and instructions — запоминать информацию и команды stored program computer — компьютер с занесенной в память программой binary code — двоичный код condition — режим, состояние, условие vacuum tube — электронная (вакуумная), трубка (лампа) to amplify – усиливать to perform computations — выполнять вычисления
1. Просмотрите текст еще раз и ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста.
1. When was the first analog computer built? 2. Where and how was that computer used? 3. When did the first digital computers appear? 4. Who was the inventor of the first digital computer? 5. What could that device do? 6. What is ENIAC? Decode the word. 7. What was J.Neumann’s contribution into the development of computers? 8. What were the advantages of EDVAC in comparison with ENIAC? 9. What does binary code mean? 10. Due to what invention could the first digital computers be built?
2. Найдите в тексте 2 английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний.
Цифровые компьютеры; технические усовершенствования; совершенствование компьютеров; ответственный за изобретение; математические задачи; электронные трубки; важное достижение; запоминающее устройство; значительный вклад; двоичный код; высокое напряжение; низкое напряжение; электрические импульсы; тысячная доля секунды.
Происходить; завершать; вычислять; хранить команды внутри компьютера; запоминать информацию; запоминать команды; содействовать; использовать единицу и ноль; упрощать дизайн; усиливать сигналы; выполнять вычисления.
3. Составьте пары близких по значению слов из перечня, представленного ниже.
Verbs: to name, to complete, to calculate, to develop, to keep, to interpret, to communicate, to fulfill, to apply, to translate, to improve, to build, to call, to store, to communicate, to figure out, to perform, to use, to finish, to construct, to connect.
Nouns: speed, aim, storage, information, machine, significance, computation, data, device, rate, calculation, purpose, memory, importance.
4. Заполните пропуски необходимыми словами .
1. The first digital computer could a lot of mathematical problems at a fast______2. Vannevar Bush built the first _____ computer in 1930. 3. Babbage’s analytical engine was designed to____ data. 4. J.von Neumann invented a machine that was able to_____ not only data but also_______.
5. Neumann______ the idea of storing data in a___________.
6. Computers use two conditions for symbols. 7. The invention of_____ made computers possible to control and_____ electronic signals. 8. Due to______ computers could perform_____ much faster.
5. Переведите предложения или словосочетания , содер жащие :
А. Инфинитив в функции обстоятельства
1. Computers were designed to perform thousands of computations per second. 2. To make computers more reliable transistors were used. 3. They were applied to reduce computation-al time. 4. To integrate large numbers of circuit elements into a small chip, transistors should be reduced in size. 5. To use integrated circuit technology new computers were built. 6. Analytical engine was invented to store data.
Б . Инфинитив в функции определения
The problem to be solved; the work to be finished; the cards to be punched; calculations to be performed; the machine to be shown at the exhibition; the device to be provided with the necessary facts; computers to be used for data processing; efforts to increase reliability; electronics to connect systems and subsystems; the speed of response to depend on the size of transistor; computers to perform thousands of calculations per second; vacuum tubes to control and amplify electric signals; these are circuits to use a large number of transistors; operations to be performed.
Text 3. SOME FIRST COMPUTER MODELS
1. Babbage’s Analytical Engine
In 1832, an English inventor and mathematician Charles Babbage was commissioned by the British government to develop a system for calculating the rise and fall of the tides.
Babbage designed a device and called it an analytical engine. It was the first programmable computer, complete with punched cards for data input. Babbage gave the engine the ability to perform different types of mathematical operations. The machine was not confined to simple addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division. It had its own «memory», due to which the machine could use different combinations and sequences of operations to suit the purposes of the operator.
The machine of his dream was never realized in his life. Yet Babbage’s idea didn’t die with him. Other scientists made at- tempts to build mechanical, general-purpose, stored-program computers throughout the next century. In 1941 a relay computer was built in Germany by Conrad Zuse. It was a major step toward the realization of Babbage’s dream.
2. The Mark I Computer (1937-1944)
In 1944 in the United States, International Business Machines (IBM) built a machine in cooperation with scientists working at Harvard University under the direction of Prof. Aiken. The machine, called Mark I Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator was built to perform calculations for the Manhattan Project, which led to the development of atomic bomb. It was the largest electromechanical calculator ever built. It used over 3000 electrically actuated switches to control its operations. Although its operations were not controlled electronically, Aiken’s machine is often classified as a computer because its instructions, which were entered by means of a punched paper tape, could be altered. The computer could create ballistic tables used by naval artillery.
The relay computer had its problems. Since relays are electromechanical devices, the switching contacts operate by means of electromagnets and springs. They are slow, very noisy and consume a lot of power.
3. The ABC (1939-1942)
The work on introducing electronics into the design of computers was going on. The gadget that was the basis for the first computer revolution was the vacuum tube, an electronic device invented early in the twentieth century. The vacuum tube was ideal for use in computers. It had no mechanical moving parts. It switched flows of electrons off and on at rates far faster than possible with any mechanical device. It was relatively reliable, and operated hundreds of hours before failure. The first vacuum tube computer was built at Iowa University at about the same time as the Mark I. The computer, capable to perform thousands of related computations, was called ABC, the Atanasoff-Berry Computer, after Dr. John Atanasoff, a professor of physics and his assistant, Clifford Berry. It used 45 vacuum tubes for internal logic and capacitors for storage. From the ABC a number of vacuum-tube digital computers developed. Soon the British developed a computer with vacuum tubes and used it to decode German messages.
1. Выполните письменно перевод текста 3 по вариантам.
2. Поменяйтесь вариантами, прочтите текст и выразите одним-двумя предложениями основную мысль текстов, предложенных выше.
Text 4. FOUR GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
The first vacuum tubes computers are referred to as first generation computers, and the approximate period of their use was from 1950 to 1959. UNIVAC 1 (Universal Automatic Computer) is an example of these computers which could perform thousands of calculations per second. Those devices were not only bulky, they were also unreliable. The thousands of vacuum tubes emitted large amounts of heat and burned out frequently.
The transistor, a smaller and more reliable successor to the vacuum tube, was invented in 1948. So-called second generation computers, which used large numbers of transistors, were able to reduce computational time from milliseconds to microseconds, or millionths of seconds. Second-generation computers were smaller, faster and more reliable than first-generation computers.
Advances in electronics technology continued, and microelectronics made it possible to reduce the size of transistors and integrate large numbers of circuit elements into very small chips of silicon. The computers that were designed to use integrated circuit technology were called third generation computers, and the approximate time span of these machines was from 1960 to 1979. They could perform many data processing operations in nanoseconds, which are billionths of seconds.
Fourth generation computers have now arrived, and the integrated circuits that are being developed have been greatly reduced in size. This is due to microminiaturization, which means that the circuits are much smaller than before; as many as 100 tiny circuits are placed now on a single chip. A chip is a square or rectangular piece of silicon, usually from 1/10 to ¼ inch, upon which several layers of an integrated circuit are etched or imprinted, after which the circuit is encapsulated in plastic or metal.
1. Подберите вместо пропусков подходящее по смыслу слово.
1. British scientists invented a_____ way of multiplying and dividing.
a) mechanical; b) electrical; c) optical.
2. A new branch of mathematics, _____, was invented in England and Germany independently.
a) mechanics; b) arithmetic’s; c) calculus.
3. A young American clerk invented a means of coding _____by punched cards.
a) letters; b) data; c) numbers.
4. Soon punched cards were replaced by terminals, a) printer; b) scanner; c) keyboard.
5. Mark 1 was the first____ computer that could solve mathematical problems.
a) analog; b) digital; c) mechanical.
6. J. von Neumann simplified his computer by storing information in a____ code.
a) analytical; b) numerical; c) binary.
7. Vacuum tubes could control and____ electric signals.
a) calculate; b) amplify; c) generate.
8. The first generation computers were____ and often burned out.
a) uncomfortable; b) uncommunicative; c) unreliable.
9. Computers of the second generation used_____ which reduced computational time greatly.
a) transistors; b) integrated circuits; c) vacuum tubes.
10. Due to____ the development of the fourth generation computers became possible.
a) microelectronics; b) miniaturization; c) microminiaturization.
2. Выберите правильный перевод предложений, содержащих неличные формы глагола ( Infinitive , Gerund , Participle I , Participle II ).
1. That was the machine provided with the necessary facts about the problem to be solved.
а) Машину обеспечили необходимыми фактами, чтобы она решила проблему.
б) То была машина, снабженная необходимой информацией о задаче, которую предстояло решить.
в) Эту машину обеспечили необходимой информацией о решаемой задаче.
2. The computers designed to use 1 С were called third generation computers.
а) Компьютеры сконструировали для использования ИС и назвали их третьим поколением.
б) Компьютеры назывались третьим поколением, потому что в них использовались ИС.
в) Компьютеры, сконструированные, чтобы использовать ИС, назывались компьютерами третьего поколения.
3. Mark I was the first machine to figure out mathematical problems.
а) Первая машина для вычисления математических проблем была Марк I .
б) Марк I явилась первой машиной для вычисления математических задач.
в) Марк I была первой машиной, которая вычисляла математические задачи.
4. Early computers using vacuum tubes could perform computations in milliseconds.
а) Первые компьютеры, использующие электронные лампы, могли выполнять вычисления в течение миллисекунд.
б) Ранние компьютеры использовали вакуумные лампы, которые выполняли вычисления за миллисекунды.
в) Рано компьютеры, использующие электронные трубки, выполняли вычисления за миллисекунды.
5. Vacuum tubes to control and amplify electric signals were invented by Neumann.
а) Изобретенные Нойманом вакуумные лампы регулировали и усиливали электрические сигналы.
б) Нойман изобрел электронные лампы для управления и усиления электрических сигналов.
в) Электронные лампы, которые регулировали и усиливали электрические сигналы, были изобретены Нойманом.
6. Neumann’s machine called the EDVAC was designed to store both data and instructions.
а) Неймановскую машину, называемую EDVAC , сконструировали для хранения информации и команд.
б) Машина Ноймана, названная EDVAC , была создана, чтобы запоминать как информацию, так и команды.
в) Машину Ноймана, которая хранила данные и инструкции, назвали EDVAC .
7. Computers were developed to perform calculations for military and scientific purposes.
а) Компьютеры были созданы, чтобы выполнять вычисления для военных и научных целей.
б) Компьютеры создали для выполнения военных и научных вычислений.
в) Созданные компьютеры выполняли вычисления военного и научного назначения.
8. An American clerk invented a means of coding the data by punching holes into cards.
а) Американский служащий изобрел посредством кодирования информации перфокарту.
б) Американский клерк изобрел перфокарту, кодируя информацию.
в) Американский служащий изобрел средство шифрования информации путем пробивания отверстий в карте.
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Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 2
intricate [‘mtnkit] — сложный, запутанный, electronic circuit [sbkt’romk ‘sa:kit] — электронная цепь, схема
to operate switches [ops’reit ‘switfiz] — приводить в действие переключатели
to store numbers [‘sto: ‘плтЬзг] — запоминать числа
13 Unit 1. Information-Dependent Society
to manipulate [ms’nipjuleit] — управлять; обращаться; преобразовывать
to input / to feed in — вводить (информацию)
to turn on = to switch on — включать
to turn off = to switch off— выключать
to process data [prou’ses ‘delta] — обрабатывать данные
to supply [sa’plai] — подавать, вводить, снабжать, обеспечивать
addition [s’difn] — сложение
subtraction [sAb’trajkJh] — вычитание
division [di’vrjn] —деление
multiplication [‘тлИгрп’кег/п] — умножение
exponentiation [eksps’nenji’eijn] — возведение в степень
user [‘juzs] — пользователь
input device [‘input di’vais] — устройство ввода
disk drive [‘disk ‘draiv] — дисковое запоминающее устройство, дисковод
tape drive [‘teip ‘draiv] — запоминающее устройство на магнитной ленте
cathode-ray tube [‘kseOsd rei 4ju:b] — электроннолучевая трубка
to make decisions — принимать решения
instantaneously [jnstan’teinjssli] — мгновенно, немедленно
Прочтите текст 2 и скажите, что такое компьютер и каковы его основные функции.
Text 2. WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
A computer is a machine with an intricate network of electronic circuits that operate switches or magnetize tiny metal cores. The switches, like the cores, are capable of being in one or two possible states, that is, on or off; magnetized or demagnetized. The machine is capable of storing and manipulating numbers, letters, and characters (symbols).
Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 14
The basic idea of a computer is that we can make the machine do what we want by inputting signals that turn certain switches on and turn others off, or magnetize or do not magnetize the cores.
The basic job of computers is processing of information. For this reason computers can be defined as devices which accept information in the form of instructions, called a program, and characters, called data, perform mathematical and / or logical operations on the information, and then supply results of these operations. The program, or part of it, which tells the computers what to do and the data, which provide the information needed to solve the problem, are kept inside the computer in a place called memory.
It is considered that computers have many remarkable powers. However most computers, whether large or small, have three basic capabilities.
First, computers have circuits for performing arithmetic operations, such as: addition, subtraction, division, multiplication and exponentiation.
Second, computers have a means of communicating with the user. After all, if we couldn’t feed information in and get results back, these machines wouldn’t be of much use. Some of the most common methods of inputting information are to use terminals, diskettes, disks and magnetic tapes. The computer’s input device (a disk drive or tape drive) reads the information into the computer. For outputting information two common devices used are: a printer, printing the new information on paper, and a cathode-ray-tube display, which shows the results on a TV-like screen.
Third, computers have circuits which can make decisions. The kinds of decisions which computer circuits can make are not of the type: «Who would win the war between two countries?» or «Who is the richest person in the world?» Unfortunately, the computer can only decide three things, namely: Is one number less than another? Are two numbers equal? and, Is one number greater than another?
A computer can solve a series of problems and make thousands of logical decisions without becoming tired. It can find the solution to a problem in a fraction of the time it takes a human being to do the job.
15 Unit 1. Information-Dependent Society
A computer can replace people in dull, routine tasks, but it works according to the instructions given to it. There are times when a computer seems to operate like a mechanical ‘brain’, but its achievements are limited by the minds of human beings. A computer cannot do anything unless a person tells it what to do and gives it the necessary information; but because electric pulses can move at the speed of light, a computer can carry out great numbers of arithmetic-logical operations almost instantaneously. A person can do the same, but in many cases that person would be dead long before the job was finished.
8. Переведите текст. Ответьте на вопросы, используя ин
формациютекста.
1. What is a computer? 2. What are the two possible states of the switches? 3. What are the main functions of a computer? 4. In what way can we make the computer do what we want? 5. What is the basic task of a computer? 6. In what form does a computer accept information? 7. What is a program? 8. What are data? 9. What is memory? 10. What three basic capabilities have computers? 11. What are the ways of inputting information into the computer? 12. What is the function of an input device? 13. What devices are used for outputting information? 14. What decisions can the computer make? 15. What are the computer’s achievements limited by?
9. Найдите в тексте 2 английские эквиваленты следующих
словосочетаний:
Сложная сеть электронных цепей; управлять (приводить в действие) переключателями; возможные состояния; хранить (запоминать) числа; обрабатывать символы; посредством ввода сигналов; включать; выключать; размагничивать сердечники; обработка информации; информация в виде команд; символы, называемые данными; выполнять математические операции; выдавать результаты; обеспечивать необходимую информацию; иметь замечательные возможности; основные свойства; сложение, вычитание, деление, умножение; возведение в степень; средства для общения с пользователем; устройство ввода; дисковод; считывать информацию; вывод информации; катоднолучевая трубка; принимать решения; выполнять тысячи логических операций; без устали; находить реше-
Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 16
ние задачи; значительно меньший промежуток времени; человек; нудная рутинная работа; в соответствии с введенной программой; вырабатывать свои суждения; возможности ограничены программой, заложенной в него человеком; дать требуемую информацию; электрические импульсы; со скоростью света; мгновенно производить огромное количество математических операций; человеку может не хватить всей жизни, чтобы закончить работу.
10. Составьте пары или группыблизких позначению слов
из перечня, приведенного ниже.
Например: A. to perform, to exercise, to carry out; B. a man, a person, a human being;
Verbs: to turn on, to provide, to type, to accept, to help, to learn, to observe, to call, to tell, to keep, to feed, to solve, to relate, to switch off, to communicate, to receive, to supply, to switch on, to assist, to print, to study, to input, to turn off, to decide, to store, to say, to name, to watch.
Nouns: work, machine, fundamentals, display, application, capabilities, job, storage, screen, state, basics, use, concept, specialist, journal, character, memory, idea, expert, magazine, position, symbol, command, data, solution, device, instruction, powers, information, decision.
Adjectives: basic, tiny, common, small, main, significant, routine, general, remarkable, uninterested, intricate, important, wonderful, complex, little.
Adverbs: rapidly, probably, instantaneously, in a moment, quickly, perhaps.
Выполните письменный перевод текста 3 по вариантам.
Text3. APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS
1.At present a great deal of the work force of most countries is engaged in creating, processing, storing, communicating and just working with information. Computers have become commonplace in homes, offices, stores, schools, research institutes, plants.
The use of computers in business, industry and communication services is widespread today. Computer-controlled robots are able to improve the quality of manufactured products and
17 Unit 1. Information-Dependent Society
to increase the productivity of industry. Computers can control the work of power stations, plants and docks. They help in making different decisions and in management of economy.
The work of banks depends upon computer terminals for millions of daily operations. Without these terminals, records of deposits and withdrawals would be difficult to maintain, and it would be impossible to make inquiries about the current status of customer accounts.
Computers form a part of many military systems including communication and fire control. They are applied for automatic piloting and automatic navigation. Space exploration depends on computers for guidance, on-board environment and research.
2. Computers find application in astronomy and upper atmosphere research. Weather forecasting, library information services can benefit from computers too.
It is interesting to note that computers are widely used in medicine. They became valuable medical diagnostic tools. Computers are used for optical scanning and image processing, ranging from pattern recognition to image processing. Technicians can operate computer tomography scanners which combine x-rays with computer technology to give sectional views of the body of patients. The views then can be combined into a single image shown on the screen.
It should be noticed that learning on a computer can be fun. Students spend more time with computer-aided instruction performing the assigned task, as compared with conventional classroom.
At last air traffic control is impossible without computer application. It fully depends upon computer-generated information.
Many other uses of computers that we cannot imagine at present will become commonplace in the transition from an industrial to post industrial, or information society.
to maintain records — вести учет
deposits and withdrawal — вклады и изъятие (выемка)
guidance — наведение (на цель); управление; руководство
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Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний
Сложная сеть электронных цепей; возможные состояния; хранить (запоминать) числа; обрабатывать символы; размагничивать сердечники; обработка информации; информация в виде команд; символы, называемые данными; выполнять математические операции; выдавать результаты; обеспечивать необходимую информацию; основные свойства; сложение, вычитание, деление, умножение; возведение в степень; средства для общения с пользователем; устройство ввода; дисковод; считывать информацию; вывод информации; катоднолучевая трубка; выполнять тысячи логических операций; без устали; находить решение задачи; человек; в соответствии с введен¬ной программой; вырабатывать свои суждения; возможно¬сти ограничены программой, заложенной в него человеком; дать требуемую информацию; электрические импульсы; мгновенно производить огромное количество математических операций.
Сам текст
WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
A computer is a machine with an intricate network of electronic circuits thatoperate switches or magnetize tiny metal cores.
The switches, like the cores,are capable of being in one or two possible states, that is, on or off;
magnetized or demagnetized.
The machine is capable of storing andmanipulating numbers, letters, and characters (symbols).
The basic idea of a computer is that we can make the machine do what wewant by inputting signals that turn certain switches on and turn others off, ormagnetize or do not magnetize the cores.
The basic job of computers is processing of information.
For this reasoncomputers can be defined as devices which accept information in the form ofinstructions, called a program, and characters, called data, performmathematical and / or logical operations on the information, and then supplyresults of these operations.
The program, or part of it, which tells thecomputers what to do and the data, which provide the information needed tosolve the problem, are kept inside the computer in a place called memory.
It is considered that computers have many remarkable powers.
Howevermost computers, whether large or small, have three basic capabilities.
First, computers have circuits for performing arithmetic operations, such as:addition, subtraction, division, multiplication and exponentiation.
Second, computers have a means of communicating with the user.
After all, ifwe couldn’t feed information in and get results back, these machineswouldn’t be of much use.
Some of the most common methods of inputtinginformation are to use terminals, diskettes, disks and magnetic tapes.
Thecomputer’s input device (a disk drive or tape drive) reads the information intothe computer.
For outputting information two common devices used are: aprinter, printing the new information on paper, and a cathode-ray-tubedisplay, which shows the results on a TV-like screen.
Third, computers have circuits which can make decisions.
The kinds ofdecisions which computer circuits can make are not of the type: «Who wouldwin the war between two countries?»
or «Who is the richest person in theworld?»
Unfortunately, the computer can only decide three things, namely: Isone number less than another?
Are two numbers equal?
and, Is one numbergreater than another?
A computer can solve a series of problems and make thousands of logicaldecisions without becoming tired.
It can find the solution to a problem in afraction of the time it takes a human being to do the job.
A computer can replace people in dull, routine tasks, but it works according tothe instructions given to it.
There are times when a computer seems tooperate like a mechanical ‘brain’, but its achievements are limited by theminds of human beings.
A computer cannot do anything unless a person tellsit what to do and gives it the necessary information;
but because electricpulses can move at the speed of light, a computer can carry out greatnumbers of arithmetic-logical operations almost instantaneously.
A personcan do the same, but in many cases that person would be dead long beforethe job was finished.
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