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Догадайтесь о значении следующих интернациональных слов и словосочетаний electronics
Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите письменно текст.
DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONICS
Electronics is a field of engineering and applied physics deal¬ing with the design and application of electronic circuits. The operation of circuits depends on the flow of electrons for gen¬eration, transmission, reception and storage of information.
Today it is difficult to imagine our life without electronics. It surrounds us everywhere. Electronic devices are widely used in scientific research and industrial designing, they control the work of plants and power stations, calculate the trajectories of space-ships and help the people discover new phenomena of nature. Automatization of production processes and studies on living organisms became possible due to electronics.
The invention of vacuum tubes at the beginning of the 20th century was the starting point of the rapid growth of modern electronics. Vacuum tubes assisted in manipulation of signals. The development of a large variety of tubes designed for spe¬cialized functions made possible the progress in radio commu-nication technology before the World War II and in the creation of early computers during and shortly after the war.
Задание 2. Выпишите из каждого предложения текста грамматическую основу (подлежащее+сказуемое), определите видовременную форму глагола и залог, определите начальную форму глагола.
Задание 3. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту. Comprehension Questions.
1. What is electronics? 2, Can you imagine modern life with¬out electronics? 3. Where are electronic devices used? 4. What was the beginning of electronics development? 5. What made the progress in radio communication technology possible? 6. What does the operation of the circuits depend on?
Задание 4. Задайте вопросы к первому предложению:
1.общий
2.специальный
3.к подлежащему
4.альтернативный
5.разделительный
Задание 5. Догадайтесь о значении следующих интернациональных
слов и словосочетаний:
Electronics; electrons; physics; information; microelectron¬ics; industrial design; to calculate trajectories; phenomena of nature; automatization of production processes; organisms; vac¬uum tubes; specialized functions; progress in radio communi¬cation technology; transistor; electrode; components; to realize; communication system
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Задание № 10. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.
Контрольная работа для заочной формы обучения (Исб, Исбу) по дисциплине «Технический английский»
I вариант
Задание №1. Образуйте и переведите имена существительные от приведенных ниже глаголов с помощью суффиксов:
to decide, to equip, to allocate, to accumulate, to identify, to expose, to compute, to interact, to accomplish, to program.
Задание №2. Разделите приведенные ниже слова на три группы, определяя по суффиксу часть речи – существительное, прилагательное или наречие. Переведите слова.
Organization, functional, available, equipment, processor, completely, architectural, converter, convertible, controller, removable, logical, addition, additional, usually, accomplishment, operator.
Задание №3. Догадайтесь о значении следующих интернациональных слов и словосочетаний:
industrial design, phenomena of nature, automatization of production processes, components, utilization, coding, permanent.
Задание №4. Переведите следующие «цепочки существительных»:
1) a data processing system;
2) control signals;
3) electronic data interchange;
4) integrated circuits development;
5) communication means;
6) transmission line;
7) Acrobat forms extending;
8) C++ pseudo code algorithms foundations;
9) PCI express system architecture;
10) Designing storage area networks.
Задание №5. Расшифруйте и переведите следующие аббревиатуры:
Задание № 6. Переведите словосочетания, содержащие причастие:
1) binary code storing data and instructions;
2) electronic pulses moving at the speed of light;
3) keyboard terminals replacing vacuum tubes;
4) the given information;
5) the coded data;
6) the general – purpose machine proposed by Ch. Babbage;
7) the invention named ENIAC.
Задание № 7. Переведите предложения, содержащие причастие. Укажите форму и залог причастия.
1. When written in a symbolic language programs require the translation into the machine language.
2. While dealing with discrete quantities digital computers count rather than measure.
3. Being built on the basis of transistors lasers are successfully used in technology.
4. Declarations (описание) used in ALGOL provide the compiler with information about quantities appearing in the program.
5. Having finished the research the scientists made the analysis of the data obtained.
6. Having been transmitted to the central processing unit the instruction made arithmetic – logical unit perform some computations.
7. The computer SM-100 is used in industrial processes and scientific researches, its main function being to carry out reasonable operations with numbers and to calculate complex problems.
Задание № 8. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
1. The central processing unit (CPU) or central processor is the nerve centre of any digital computer system, since it coordinates and controls the activities of all the other units and performs all the arithmetic and logic processes to be applied to data. All program instructions to be executed must be held within the CPU, and all the data to be processed must be loaded first into this unit. It is convenient to consider the central processor to have three separate hardware sections: an internal or main memory, an arithmetic and logic unit, and a control unit.
2. The CPU has two functions: it must (1) obtain instructions from the memory and interpret them, as well as (2) perform the actual operations. The first function is executed by the control unit. This unit in its turn mustperform two functions: it must (1) interpret the instruction; then, on the basis of this interpretation (2) tell the arithmetic and logic unit whatto do next. The latter function is accomplished through the use of electronic signals. According to these two functions we can separate the part of the control unit that interprets or decodes the instruction called the instruction decoder from the part that generates the control signals called the control generator.
3. An instruction having been transmitted to the instruction decoder, where it is interpreted, the control generator senses this interpretation and then produces signals that tell the arithmetic unit which operation to perform. It also generates signals that choose the proper numbers from the memory and sends them to the arithmetic and logic unit at the proper time; and when operation has been performed, other control signals take the result from the arithmetic and logic unit back to the internal memory. After an instruction has been executed, the control generator produces signals that cause the next instruction to go from the memory to the instruction decoder. In this way the instructions are performed sequentially.
4. The second function of the CPU is performed by the arithmetic and logic unit which does the actual operations. This unit is capable of performing automatically addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, comparing, selecting, and other mathematical and logical operations. Consider now what happens in the arithmetic and logic unit while an instruction is being executed. In most computers only one word at a time can be transferred between the arithmetic/logic unit and the memory. Hence, to perform an operation involving two arguments, the first argument must be transferred from the memory to the arithmetic/logic unit and stored there temporarily while the second argument is being transferred. The special memory cell in the arithmetic/logic unit for this purpose is called the accumulator. The operation being performed, the result is formed in the accumulator before it is transmitted back to memory.
5. Next consider the instruction decoder that interprets instruction. In order that the instruction decoder perform its function, it must constantly refer to the instruction being interpreted during the time control signals are being set up. To facilitate this, while an instruction is being executed it is stored in a special memory cell called the instruction register, located in the instruction decoder.
6. There is another memory cell located in the instruction decoder called the current-address register. The contents of this register is always the memory address from which the instruction being executed came. The reason for this is related to the fact that the address of the present instruction was given as part of the previous instruction.
For the computer designer to understand the work of the CPU is quite necessary.
Notes
during the time control signals are being set up — во время формирования сигналов управления
The reason for this is related to the fact — Причина этого заключена в том
Задание № 9. Ответьте письменно на вопросы к тексту.
1.What is the general purpose and function of the CPU?
2.How many parts is the CPU composed of?
3.What is the general purpose of the control?
4.What is the arithmetic/ logic unit?
5.What is the instruction decoder?
6.What is the general function of the control generator?
7.What happens in the CPU while an instruction is being executed?
8.What is the accumulator?
9.Where is the accumulator located?
10.Where are the instruction register and the current- address register located?
Задание № 10. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.
SERIAL COMMUNICATIONS
1. Most digital messages are vastly longer than just a few bits. Because it is neither practical nor economic to transfer all bits of a long message simultaneously, the message is broken into smaller parts and transmitted sequentially. Bit-serial transmission conveys a message one bit at a time through a channel. Each bit represents a part of the message. The individual bits are then reassembled at the destination to compose the message. In general, one channel will pass only one bit at a time. Thus, bit-serial transmission is necessary in data communications if only a single channel is available. Bit-serial transmission is normally just called serial transmission and is the chosen communications method in many computer peripherals.
2. Byte-serial transmission conveys eight bits at a time through eight parallel channels. Although the raw transfer rate is eight times faster than in bit-serial transmission, eight channels are needed, and the cost may be as much as eight times higher to transmit the message. When distances are short, it may nonetheless be both feasible and economic to use parallel channels in return for high data rates. The popular Centronics printer interface is a case where byte-serial transmission is used. As another example, it is common practice to use a 16-bit-wide data bus to transfer data between a microprocessor and memory chips; this provides the equivalent of 16 parallel channels. On the other hand, when communicating with a timesharing system over a modem, only a single channel is available, and bit-serial transmission is required.
3. The baud rate refers to the signalling rate at which data is sent through a channel and is measured in electrical transitions per second. In the EIA232 serial interface standard, one signal transition, at most, occurs per bit, and the baud rate and bit rate are identical. In this case, a rate of 9600 baud corresponds to a transfer of 9,600 data bits per second with a bit period of 104 microseconds (1/9600 sec.). If two electrical transitions were required for each bit, as is the case in non-return-to-zero coding, then at a rate of 9600 baud, only 4800 bits per second could be conveyed. The channel efficiency is the number of bits of useful information passed through the channel per second. It does not include framing, formatting, and error detecting bits that may be added to the information bits before a message is transmitted, and will always be less than one.
4. The data rate of a channel is often specified by its bit rate (often thought erroneously to be the same as baud rate). However, an equivalent measure channel capacity is bandwidth. In general, the maximum data rate a channel can support is directly proportional to the channel’s bandwidth and inversely proportional to the channel’s noise level.
5. A communications protocol is an agreed-upon convention that defines the order and meaning of bits in a serial transmission. It may also specify a procedure for exchanging messages. A protocol will define how many data bits compose a message unit, the framing and formatting bits, any error-detecting bits that may be added, and other information that governs control of the communications hardware. Channel efficiency is determined by the protocol design rather than by digital hardware considerations. Note that there is a tradeoff between channel efficiency and reliability — protocols that provide greater immunity to noise by adding error-detecting and -correcting codes must necessarily become less efficient.
II вариант
Задание №1. Образуйте и переведите имена существительные от приведенных ниже глаголов с помощью суффиксов:
to direct, to require, to determine, to protect, to transmit, to convert, to print, to eliminate, to use, to replace.
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Вставьте в предложения пропущенные слова.
Прочитайте текст еще раз и перескажите его по-английски.
Разделите текст на логические части и озаглавьте их.
Прочитайте текст и найдите эквиваленты
Догадайтесь о значении следующих интернациональных слов. Найдите данные слова в тексте и уточните их значения по контексту.
Position, technical, faculty, speciality, manager, management, university, fundamental, theory, economical, history, document, personal, production, candidate, company, qualification, information, effective.
4. Ответьте на следующие вопросы, опираясь на содержание прочитанного вами текста:
1. Where do you study?
2. What faculty do you belong to?
3. What is your future speciality?
4. What do you study at the University?
5. What is the main objective of the Staff Manager?
6. What factors about each candidate must be carefully considered?
7. Before selecting an employee, some points need to be considered. What are they?
8. What does the “position description” include?
9. What sources of employees do you know?
10. Which one of these three — the employment interview, testing the applicant and references – is more effecfive? What would you prefer if you were the Staff Manager?
11. What does employee training include?
12. What is the Staff Manager able to provide?
13. Do you like your future speciality?
а) следующих слов и словосочетаний:
второкурсник, государственное и муниципальное управление, теория и история управления, экономическая теория, документоведение, персональный менеджмент, технические и человеческие ресурсы, широкий выбор, основная цель, требования к работе, опыт работы, навыки и способности, агентства по найму, объявления, соответствовать закону, отвечать требованиям компании, поручитель, эффективное управление людьми.
б) следующих предложений:
В университете мы получаем знания по следующим предметам: теория и история управления, экономическая теория, документоведение, персональный менеджмент, а также по другим предметам.
Нас учат управлять как техническими, так и человеческими ресурсами.
Основная задача заведующего отделом кадров – найти продуктивную рабочую силу, а также следить за ее работой.
При выборе работника необходимо учитывать следующие пункты: описание должности, источник претендентов, резюме претендента и обучение будущего работника.
Employment, applicant, objectives, qualification, skills, purpose, requirement, experience, performed, training.
a. The ceremony was …… at the same time in 19 other countries.
b. One of the ……. you need in advertising is a fertile mind.
c. He had retired from regular …… .
d. Maths is no longer a prime …… for a career in accounting.
e. There was a long waiting list of ……. for jobs.
f. He attended evening …… courses on advertising making.
g. She’s had nine months’ …….. .
h. They acted with great …… and conviction.
i. Complete secrecy was essential to our …….. .
j. If this policy is reversed we shall never achieve our ….. .
9. Дополните текст следующими словами:
Staff, supervise, increase, replace, hire, produce, recruit, employ, work, replace, operate.
The personnel department found itself scrambling to meet the …… demands of the plant ……. . One consequence of this scramble for new hires was that selection standards were loosened. An ……… number of young, single and highly mobile workers was hired, many of whom quit after only a few months in the plant. The result: personnel had to find …… for people just ……. as replacements.
Any organization having stable ……. levels plans a stable workforce level – that is, employee …… results in a flow of new hires that matches the flow of …… expected to terminate.
Unfortunately the lead-time needed for recruitment of certain trade skills was at least two weeks for local hires and so long as 3 months for ….. relocating from distant areas. But personnel was expected to find and hire …… in less than two weeks. This became a major factor in the worsening relations between the …… department and personnel.
10. Прочитайте и переведите текст «A Pattern of Management Action». Расскажите о семи этапах работы управляющего.
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